History of Eastern Africa (Knowledge)

Boarders

• Tanzania did not exist until 1964

• connection to the Indian Ocean linking to places such as South Asia

Monsoon Networks around the Indian Ocean

• history long been shaped by trading networks around the Indian Ocean

• as far as SE Asia

• notably the spread of Islam

Zanzibari Empire

• epicentre of trad networks in Eastern Africa

• Zanaibari Empire for much of the 19th century

• one commodity that drove this trader was ivory

• caravans or traders, poachers pushed westwards into African continent

• trading networks became important conduits for change

• bringing societies into contact with each other

• Brough new languages with them

what new commodities appeared in the nineteenth century globalisation

cloths, beads and firearms

what happened with militarisation (19thc globalisation)

• saw a surge of violence

• instability caused incursions from armed groups

• pushed north into present day Tanzania due to expansion of the Zulu kingdom

what happened with religion (19thc globalisation)

• islam became more prevalent inland

• European missionaries were attracted to the region in ever growing numbers

• these ideas could empower africans

what happened with language (9thc globalisation)

• Swahili - derived from South Asian, Arabic and European language

• spread from coast to trade roots

• all took place before European colonialism

name 3x explanations for colonial invasion

• European geopolitical struggles

• response to rising industrial power of the United States

• rise of scientific concepts of racial civilisation and hierarchies

What was the Maji Maji War, 1905-1907

• famous form of resistance against the Germans

• Germans réponse was brutal

• recruited African soldiers to out down the uprising

What was the Colonial Configuration of Tanganyika

• run on behalf of the British

• sultan remained in power but state was ruled by the British

what was the Colonial Configuration of Kenya

• East Africa Company

• before powers handed over to the crown

what was the Colonial Configuration of Uganda

• retained a lot of its autonomy as an agent to British colonialism

• different types of colonial rule emerging in these territories

What was the Colonial Configuration of Comoros

• Sutlan turns to the French for support in the time of instability

What was the significance of the Ugandan railway?

• British funded the railways but it was for getting resources out of the countries, to the coasts, so they could be shipped off

Andersons definition of a nation

an imagined political community

What was the Kikuyu Central Association

founded in 1924 to represent the concerns of the Kikuyu people to the British government in Nairobi, especially regarding the expropriation of land by settlers

what were the ideas of the African Association

• ideas surrounding Pan Africanism

• talked a lot about the needs to support African people at large and advance their welfare

• did not directly challenge their colonial state

• adaption of colonial order rather than overthrowing it

• petitioned the colonial government on what was of interest to their members

when and where was the African Association established

• established in the late 1920s

• across Tanganyika and Zanzibar

what happened in the African Association in 1940

internal dispute within separate branches

what did the youth go against the older generation in Uganda

• Literate young men challenged older forms of paternalistic authority

• talked about popular participation and democracy

• merit derived from education and not who you were born as

Newspapers in Eastern Africa

• Anderson says the what is particularly important is print

• people can learn about what it going on elsewhere in the territory

• operated in African vernacular languages rather than in French and English

Examples of African newspapers and where they are from

• Muigwuthania (The Reconciler) in Kenya

• Afrika Kwetu (The Other African Home) in Zanzibar

When and what was Makerere College

• established in 1922

• regions first institute for higher education

• large number of East Africa’s politicians emerged from a background of teacher training

• some went further still, travelling to study in metropolitan Europe

studying in Europe

• important for elites

• became active in student politics

• spent time with local politicians and activists

• African students explained the situation of colonies to these activists

when and What did the Tanganyikan African National Union do (TANU)?

• 1954

• became the dominant force behind the struggle for the independence from Tanganyika

When and what was the Uganda’s Peoples Congress (UPC)

• 1959

• that tapped into anti-Bugandan sentiment

when was the formation of the Afro Shirazi Party?

1957

when was the formation of the Zanzibar Nationalist Party

1955

When was the Movement for the National Independence of Comoros?

1962

when and was the Pan-African Freedom Movement of East and Central Africa

• est. 1958

• to coordinate independent struggles

Anderson on the Mau Mau

the greatest horror story of Britian’s Empire in the 1950s

in the Kikuyu society who were in the Conservative group

• dominated by Christian chiefs

• associated with the colonial state

in the Kikuyu society who were the moderate nationalists

• mission-educated, younger men

• politics at the national rather than ethnic level

in the Kikuyu society who were the militant nationalists

• limited education

• in confrontation with both colonial state and older conservative

• importance of kikuyu tradition

how did settler agriculture and postwar development lead to issues for the Kikuyu society

• agriculture practices to increase economic extraction

• increased mechanisation of agriculture and expansion of settler farms - pushed squatters out

• forced back to crowded native reserve

• increased conflict over land

• landless Kikuyu moved toward cities, especially Nairobi

who found the Kenyan African Union and When, what did this lead to? (MM)

• Jomo Kenyatta

• 1945

• emergence of radical offshoot of KAU

when and why did the government ban the Mau Mau society?

• August 1950

• increased in violence against Kikuyu headman and white settlers

when was a state if emergency declared (MM)

• October 1952

• British troops brought into Kenya Colony

• Suspension of legal measures to facilitate repression

• KAU leadership, included Kenyatta, arrested and put on trail

Mau Mau in the forests

• fighters formed Land and Freedom Army

• mostly young Kikuyu

• role of women in supply networks

how many Kikuyu supporters were detained in Britian’s colonial gulag

150,00

when was the Mau Mau defeated

• 1957 when Kimathi was sent to the gallows

• emergency was not declared over until 1960

when was the Hola Camp Massacre

March 1959

who died in the Mau Mau war?

• 32 European settlers

• less than 200 British troops killed

• official figure of the Mau Mau dead at 12,00 - but perhaps over 20,000

what happened in the Zanzibar Revolution

• killed thousands

• sent people into exile

when did Uganda expel the Asian community

1972

South Asian immigrants and the Ugandan railway

• 30,000 to 40,000 south Asians worked as labourers on the Ugandan railways in Kenya

• 1 in 5 remained in eastern Africa

Population of South Asians

• expansion 366,000 by 1962

• 1910 South Asians controlled 85% of Kenya’s trade

• 35% of Nairobi in 1931 were Asian

what negative stereotypes of the South Asian population

African grievances at patina rent to landlords and high prices from scarce goods

After independence, what was the situation from the South Asian community and immigration in Tanzania

nationalisation of Asian businesses and house holding

After independence, what was the situation from the South Asian community and immigration in Kenya

legislation in 1967 cancelled permanent residents certificates for non-citizens with more restrictive work permits; required reapplication for trade licenses

after independence what was the situation with the south asian community and immigration in Uganda

in 1972 Idi Amin launched an economic war and expelled the Asian community

what happened in the 1961 election riot

48 killed, 400 injured

when was the Zanzibar Violent Revolution

January 1964

what happened in the Zanzibar Revolution

• ZNP crackdown, restrictions on opposition party activities suffering posts in civil service, removed African members of police

• 1964, seizure of power

• coup, led by the ASP Youth League

• Added Karume installed as president

• racial pogroms, perhaps 2,000 killed, mainly Arabs

what was the result of Zanzibar Revolution

union with Tanganyika - United Republic of Tanzania

What was the Movement for the National Independence of Comoros

• est. in Zanzibar in 1962

• set up headquarters in Dar es Salaam

• confronted the challenged of developing the African nationalist movement

how did the countries build post-colony

• national flags, national anthems, own governments

• areas were not dependent on being self sufficient and self standing

• crash crop economies now expose to global markets

• transport designed for extraction not internal development

• little investment in industry

what happened in Eastern Africa in January 1964

• days after the revolution in Eastern Africa there were series of mutinys

• rebellions over working conditions

• top officer class remained white Europeans

• able to return by calling support for the British military

when was the idea of Ujumaa introduced and by who?

• 1962

• Julius Nyerere

what was Ujamaa

• African socialism

• evoked the idea of a traditional African society

• colonialism had brought capitalist practices and exploitation

• socialism could not be built on class struggle as Africa did not have class divisions

• Ujamaa = familyhood

what happened with villagisation in Tanzania

• Resettling rural population into centralised villages 

• Provision of social welfare: healthcare, education, libraries

• 1972- 15% of rural population lived in ujamaa villages - 91% in 1976 

• People forcibly moved and formed homes burnt down 

Socialism in revolutionary Zanzibar

• Revolutionary government headed by Abeid Karume (1964-72) 

• One-party state with no presidential elections, ruled by the Afro-Shirazi Party

• Land and property seized from racial minorities

• Embarrassment to Nyerere who was committed to human rights 

• Relationships between Zanzibar and the mainland strained 

socialist move to the left in Uganda

• Milton Obote’s Uganda People’s Congress issues ‘Common Man’s Character’ in 1969 - attempt to create entitlements and protections for ‘ordinary citizens’ 

• Nationalisation of banks and businesses 

• Tightening trade licensing and immigration rules

Socialism in Ali Soilihi’s Revolution in Comoros

• Abdallah government overthrown in coup 

• Ali Soilihi, a French-trained agronomist, scribed power in 1976 

• France withdrew all aid - turned to policy of economic self- reliance 

• Violent response to any dissenters 

• Overthrown and executed by mercenaries in 1978 

Socialism in Tanzania

• One-party state under TANU (mainland) and Afro-Shirazi Party (Zanzibar)

• merged together in 1977

• Lack of independent media 

• Violent enforcement of villagisation 

• but never fell under military rule

Examples of ethnic presidentialism under KANU

• idea harambee (pulling together) under Jomo Kenyatta and KANU

• Kenyans brought proper from departing settlers in 1963

• system focused around the figure of the president

• distributing land and wealth among the provincial administration

• close relationship with the West in the context of the Cold War

• Daniel Arap Moi succeeded Kenyatta after his death in 1978 - sought to dismantle Kikuyu dominance

• attempted coup in 1982 and crackdown on dissent and human rights abuses

Return of Ahmed Abdallah to power in Comoros

• French mercenaries deposed and killed Ali Soilihi in 1975

• restored Abdallah back to powet

• rolled back secularism

• closer relations with the Arab world

What was the background for the coup d’etat in Kenya

• weakness of Milton Obote’s Ugandas Peoples Congress

• Obote poured resources into an Africanised military supporting the rise of Idi Amin

• ‘move to the left threatened a newly enriched military and there was internal opposition

• ethnic divisions and power struggles within the armed forces

When did Idi Amin seize power in Uganda

January 1971

Who was Idi Amin?

• born in Uganda to Kamala ethnic minority group - on the outskirts

• led assault on the palace of Kababka (Bugandan King) in 1966 and the violent suppression of Ganda activists

• Seized power which led to Obote fleeing to exile in Tanzania

What was the result of the expulsion of Asian people from Uganda?

• 27,000 Ugandan Asians emigrated to the UK

• exproportion of Asian businesses

• damaged pillars of economy

examples of violence in Uganda under military rule

• estimates number of Ugandas killed during Amins dictatorship runs to 500,000

• took plans in forms of disappearance, torture and public displays

when was there a breakthrough of human rights

1970s

what was the Economic Crimes Tribunal

• established in 1975 to investigate smuggling, hoarding and overcharging

• Ugandans demanded better stewardship or scarce commodities in a time of global and economic turmoil triggered by the oil crisis

describe the fall of Amin

• increasingly isolated on the international stage

• longstanding tensions between Uganda and Tanzania

• 1978: mutiny in south Uganda spilt into invasion of Tanzania

• counter invasion in 1979

• Amin forced into exile in Saudi Arabia
  Obote return in 1981

how did Nairobi look in 1899

• Looked like a cluster of tents and fields 

• Grew up as a key point on the railway 

describe what happened in 19th century Urbanisation

• Grew from small settlements to large cities during the period of colonial rule 

• Danger of seeing urban life solely as the creation of colonialism

what were some colonial anxieties about urbanisation

• saw Africans as rural people who lived in tribal groups 

• Colonial governments sought temporary urban workforce for manual labour 

• Growing number of female workers as urban entrepreneurs 

what concerns derived from colonial anxieties towards urbanisation

• Sanitation and disease 

• Moral vices like alcoholism, prostitution and gambling

• Criminal activities 

• Increased evidence of African political mobilisation (e.g. African association but also Mau Mau)  

• People who may have been pushed out of reserved and into Nairobi

what urban control was used in Nairobi

• Kipande system - every adult had to carry finger printed certificate of identity and employment record 

• Increased in the Second World War

• Nairobi Municipality By-Laws (1944): all Africans outside of native areas at night required pass signed by municipal authorities, police or their employer 

Zoning in Dar es Salaam

• Sought to control and contain this growing African population 

• Policies of formal segregation 

• residential quarter for the white european

• commercial quarters of the city center where the south asian population

•  native quarters where the African population lived in densely packed streets

Zoning in Nairobi

• Map also shows the European, Asian and African areas of the city 

• Colonial city very much organised among racial terms 

How was Kampala Cosmopolitan?

• Hotbed for colonial cosmopolitan 

• Late colonial cosmopolitan, literal urban scene

• Makerere College serving as an important centre for the arts 

• post colonial elites passed through to gain a higher degree

• attempts to create a pan African conversation

Examples of emerging urban cultures

• trade unions,

• ethnic associations

• supporting migrants from the countryside in navigating urban life

• sports clubs

Why were sports clubs important in Urbanisation

• Organisations like football clubs provided space for politics

• Close links between TANU in Tanganyika and Sports clubs 

Who was Martha Mandao

• Tanzania writer 

• A book for teachers nurses and office workers - and for all who want to learn how to be strong christians when alone in the city 

• Christian guide for women navigating life as a migrant from the countryside 

give an example of an urban anxiety in Dar es Salaam, 1968

• Women in short skirt or uncovered shoulders and men in tight trousers 

• Shown as indecent 

• Corruption of western culture 

When was Operation Vijana introduced

1968

what was operation Vijana

• TANU Youth League attacked women for wearing miniskirts in Dar es Salaam

what was the background of operation vijana

• Growing proportion of women moving to cities 

• Women taking up jobs as typists and secretaries in growing bureaucracy 

• Young male anxieties about jobs and gender role

describe the nightlife in Dar es Salaam

• Exciting place 

• Culturally contested 

• Rich musical scene 

• Tied to ideas of national identity 

describe the importance of music in the nightlife scene

• Musical cultures to the transnational 

• Music moved across borders in the region 

• Tanzania hosted exile liberation movements from across southern africa

describe the economic crisis in the time of urban transformation

From the early 1970s, East Africa’s states experienced serious economic downturns, leading to the declining ability of states to meet citizens welfare needs

how much did the population grow by in the 20th century

• 600% in the 20th century, peaked in the 1980s

how did women’s bodies become politicised in Kenya

• circumcision controversy in colonial Kenya and Mau Mau

• Kikuyu leaders resisted attempts by missionaries and the colonial state to end clitoridectomy practice

• Post-independence leaders retained British law that made most abortions illegal.

Progressiveness in regards to women’s rights in Kenya

• In 1959, Kenya’s colonial government granted single women in Kenya the right to sue the fathers of their children for paternity support

• Called the Affiliation Act. 

Impact of Healthcare and colonial rule

• Missionary medicine provided most of early colonial African healthcare in hospitals

• Transformation of colonial healthcare in 1940s and 1950s, because of major investment in training and facilities, but also availability of new drug

• fall in mortality rate

Impact of healthcare after independence

• priority for the post-colonial state

• reduction of infant morality by nearly a third between 1960s and mid-1980s.

•  provision of rural ‘primary healthcare’ in villages, rather than large hospitals

• Economic crisis in 1980s → cuts to state budgets as a condition for obtaining aid from International Monetary Fund and World Bank

What is HIV/AIDS?

•  (HIV) attacks the body’s immune system, causing aquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) as the most advanced stage of infection.

• HIV targets the body’s white bloody cells

• HIV is spread through body fluids

What are the origins of AIDS in Africa?

• origins somewhere in Central Africa → jumped through contamination from monkeys to human

• Racist colonial myths about African promiscuity 

• Many Africans believed HIV was spread by Americans or colonialist