APBIO - Chapter 9
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25 Terms
aerobic
Processes that require oxygen to produce energy.
What role does oxygen play in cellular respiration?
Oxygen acts as the final electron acceptor.
anaerobic
Processes that occur without oxygen.
What pathway is used in anaerobic processes to produce energy?
Fermentation.
Energy transfer/conversion
The movement of energy from one form to another, such as chemical to kinetic.
What form of energy is converted into ATP in cells?
Chemical energy from glucose.
mitochondria
Double-membrane organelles responsible for ATP production.
In which part of the cell does the Krebs cycle occur?
The mitochondrial matrix.
glycolysis
The process that breaks down glucose into 2 pyruvate molecules.
What is produced during glycolysis?
2 ATP and 2 NADH.
pyruvate
A 3-carbon product of glycolysis that enters the mitochondria.
What does pyruvate convert to in anaerobic conditions?
Lactate or ethanol.
NAD+/NADH
An electron carrier that becomes NADH upon gaining electrons.
What is the role of NADH in cellular respiration?
It transports electrons to the electron transport chain for ATP production.
FAD/FADH2
An electron carrier that becomes FADH2 when reduced.
At what stage is FADH2 produced?
During the Krebs cycle.
acetyl CoA
A 2-carbon molecule formed from pyruvate that enters the Krebs cycle.
What does acetyl CoA combine with in the Krebs cycle?
Oxaloacetate to form citrate.
Krebs/Citric Acid cycle
A cycle that oxidizes acetyl CoA, producing NADH, FADH2, ATP, and CO2.
electron
A particle that carries energy transferred during redox reactions.
What happens to electrons in aerobic respiration?
They are ultimately accepted by oxygen.
glucose
A 6-carbon sugar and primary energy source for cells.
What is the end product of complete glucose oxidation?
CO2, H2O, and ATP.
electron transport chain [ETC]
A series of protein complexes that transfers electrons in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
What is the function of the electron transport chain?
It powers ATP synthesis through chemiosmosis.