Ministers; royal authority; problems of succession; relations with foreign powers

Saint Quentin

Mary declared war on France in 1557 and sent troops across the channel to join with Spanish forces. Together they achieved victory at the Battle of ______________________________

1544 Succession Act

The ________ stated that Elizabeth would succeed Mary if she died childless.

Paget

________ supported an expedition to northern France in 1557.

July 1553

Mary was proclaimed queen in __________

Bishop Stephen Gardiner

Mary selected a large group of Privy Councillors including Catholic nobles and Churchmen such as __________________, who became the Lord Chancellor until his death in 1555

William Paget

Mary also called upon the service of moderates from Edward’s reign such as _______________. This brought some factional rivalry, although it provided Mary with some experienced officials

Simon Renard

However, Mary increasingly ignored the council and turned instead to _______________, the ambassador of Charles V and later adviser to Philip II

Renard

had tremendous influence over Mary and, until her marriage to Philip II in 1554 (which he promoted), virtually directed English affairs

Cardinal Reginald Pole

Mary also relied on _____________________________, who arrived in England in 1554 and became Archbishop of Canterbury in 1556

ex-monastic

MPs proved reluctant to restore ________________ property to the Church

Edwardian religious legislation

A significant minority of MPs opposed the reversal of

1555

Parliament defeated a bill in _____ to allow the seizure of property of Protestant exiles

succession

There was parliamentary opposition over the issue of ____________

Edward Courtenay

Gardiner suggested _________________, Earl of Devon as a husband for Mary, but marriage to an Englishman was likely to provoke factional rivalry

1554

In ______, Parliament rejected a bill that would have included Philip along with Mary in a proposed new law on treason

1555

In _____, Parliament prevented Philip II’s coronation as king.

1557

England successfully put down a minor invasion by Scotland in ______

6th November 1558

Mary named Elizabeth as her successor on _____________________, 11 days before her death

Pope Paul IV

The election of the fiercely anti-Spanish ____________ in 1555 led to renewed war between France and Spain.

1558

England lost Calais in Jan _____

Book of Rates

Revenue collection was improved by the 1558 ________________________

Kenninghall

Mary’s ‘inner ring’ was comprised of councillors from the __________________ faction

Vaucelles

In 1556 the Treaty of ___________________ established peace between France and Spain

Pope Paul IV

The alliance between France and the Papacy reopened war - Philip attacked the anti-Hapsburg _________________ in 1556

3 weeks

France launched a surprise attack on Calais in 1558, recapturing it within ______________

2,000

The French attack on Calais had 27,000 troops versus ____________ English

trade

The loss of Calais was both humiliating and came as a blow due to loss of ________

£14,000

Crown finance budgeted ______________ to the navy