F: Pyridine, Piperidine, Tropane

What is the first classification based on the ring structure or nucleus of the chief alkaloid group in the plant drug?

Pyridine and Piperidine

What is the second classification based on the ring structure or nucleus of the chief alkaloid group in the plant drug?

Tropane

What is the third classification based on the ring structure or nucleus of the chief alkaloid group in the plant drug?

Quinoline

What is the fourth classification based on the ring structure or nucleus of the chief alkaloid group in the plant drug?

Isoquinoline

What is the fifth classification based on the ring structure or nucleus of the chief alkaloid group in the plant drug?

Indole

What is the sixth classification based on the ring structure or nucleus of the chief alkaloid group in the plant drug?

Imidazole

What is the seventh classification based on the ring structure or nucleus of the chief alkaloid group in the plant drug?

Purine

What is the eighth classification based on the ring structure or nucleus of the chief alkaloid group in the plant drug?

Steroidal

What is the ninth classification based on the ring structure or nucleus of the chief alkaloid group in the plant drug?

Alkaloidal Amines

What is the first example of a Pyridine and Piperidine alkaloid?

Nicotine

What is the second example of a Pyridine and Piperidine alkaloid?

Arecoline

What is the third example of a Pyridine and Piperidine alkaloid?

Lobeline

What is the fourth example of a Pyridine and Piperidine alkaloid?

Coniine

What nucleus can be obtained by hydrogenation of pyridine using Nickel as a catalyst?

Piperidine nucleus

From what amino acid are piperidine alkaloids biosynthesized?

L-Lysine amino acid

What is the essential amino acid precursor for Pyridine and Piperidine alkaloids?

Lysine

How many subgroups are there for Pyridine and Piperidine alkaloids?

3 Subgroups

What are the derivatives of both pyridine and pyrrolidine, including nicotine from tobacco?

Subgroup 1

What are the derivatives of nicotinic acid (contains pyridine), including arecoline from areca?

Subgroup 2

What are the derivatives of piperidine, including lobeline from lobelia and coniine from poison hemlock?

Subgroup 3

What form of vitamin B3 is Nicotinic acid (Niacin), which comes from the amino acid tryptophan?

Vitamin B3

What is described as one of the most addictive substances on the planet?

Nicotine

Who was the Swiss chemist that proposed nicotine was biosynthesized from nicotinic acid and proline?

Trier

What is the scientific name and family of the source Nicotiana tabacum?

Nicotiana tabacum - (Solanaceae) / "nightshades family"

What is the scientific name and family of the source Equisetum arvense?

Equisetum arvense - (Equisetaceae) / "horsetail family"

What type of alkaloids are Nicotine or Tobacco types classified as?

Pyrrolidine-Pyridine Alkaloids

What structures are included in the nicotine type?

Pyridine, Piperidine, pyrrolidine, and Tetrahydrofuran

What is the use of Nicotine as a temporary aid to the cigarette smoker seeking to give up smoking?

Smoking deterrent

What is the generic name for the FDA-approved non-nicotine smoking cessation product Chantix?

Varenicline tartrate

What is the generic name for the FDA-approved non-nicotine smoking cessation product Zyban?

Bupropion hydrochloride

To what is Nicotine Polacrilex bound and only released during chewing?

Ion exchange resin

What is the Brand Name for Nicotine Polacrilex?

Nicorette

What is the dose of Nicorette for those who smoke their first cigarette within 30 minutes of waking up?

4 mg

What is another name for an ion-exchange resin?

Ion-exchange polymer

What resin acts as a medium for ion exchange?

Ion-exchange resin

What triggers the dissociation of nicotine monocation from the polacrilex resin in the oral cavity?

Absorbed moisture

What does the buffer in the lozenge dissolve to convert nicotine monocation into?

Nicotine base

What is the dried, ripe seed of Areca catechu?

Areca, areca nut, or betel nut

What is the family name of Areca catechu?

Palmae/Arecaceae

What are the local names for areca nut?

"nga-nga" or "bunga"

What are the leaves of Piper betle often used for in relation to the betel nut?

To wrap it

What is areca nut mixed with to be used as a salivary stimulant or masticatory stimulant?

Lime or “apog” and the leaves of Piper betle / “ikmo”

What is the preparation combining betel leaf with areca nut called?

Paan

What is the chemical name for powdered lime or quicklime made from seashells?

Calcium oxide

What is the chemical name for lime paste or slaked lime?

Calcium hydroxide

What is the main alkaloid of areca, also known as arecaidine methyl ester?

Arecoline

What areca alkaloid is also known as N-methyl guvacine?

Arecaidine

What areca alkaloid is also known as tetrahydronicotinic acid?

Guvacine

What areca alkaloid is also known as guvacine methyl ester?

Guvacoline

What is the human use of areca?

Anti-diarrheal, masticatory/salivary stimulant

What is the use of areca in veterinary practice?

Anthelmintic

What is the term for a substance that kills round worms, hook worms and thread worms?

Vermicide

What is the term for a substance that expels tapeworms?

Taenifuge

What is the usual dose of areca in dogs?

2 to 4 g

What is the usual dose of areca in sheep?

4 to 8 g

What is the common name for Lobelia inflata?

Indian Tobacco

What properties of Lobelia inflata were first observed in 1785?

Emetic properties

How many alkaloids are contained in the drug Lobelia?

14 alkaloids

What is the major and most important alkaloid in Lobelia?

Lobeline

What dose of lobeline sulfate is incorporated in tablets or lozenges to aid in breaking the tobacco habit?

2 mg dose

Who chose to die by drinking a coniine-containing mixture of poison hemlock in 399 BC?

Socrates

What are the alternative names for the family Apiaceae?

Umbelliferae / Parsley family

What are the physical properties of the alkaloid Coniine?

Volatile, colorless oily liquid alkaloid

What is the odor of Coniine described as?

Mice-like odor or mouse urine odor

What element does Coniine lack in its structure, similar to nicotine?

Oxygen

What solution is used for the detection test of Coniine to produce a red color?

Sodium nitroprusside solution

What happens to the deep red color of the Coniine detection test upon warming?

It disappears

What substances change the color of the Coniine detection test to blue or violet?

Aldehydes

What is another name for Tropane Alkaloids?

Solanaceous Alkaloids

Name the five solanaceous alkaloids mentioned.

Hyoscyamine, Scopolamine, Atropine, Stramonium, Hyoscyamus

The esterification of tropane with what acid yields hyoscyamine?

Tropic acid

What essential amino acid is the precursor of tropic acid?

Phenylalanine

What is the term for the conversion of an optically active compound into a racemic form by heat or chemical reaction?

Racemization

What is the levo-isomer to atropine?

Hyoscyamine

What term describes a compound composed of dextrorotatory and levorotatory forms in equal proportion?

Racemic

What are the common names for Datura metel?

Talumpunay or Angel’s trumpet

What tropane alkaloids are yielded by Datura metel?

Hyoscyamine and scopolamine

What type of drug is Hyoscyamine used to manage Parkinson’s Disease symptoms?

Anticholinergic drug

What Parkinson’s symptom involves hypersalivation?

Sialorrhea

What is the term for a substance that decreases salivation?

Anti-sialagogue

What is the term for excessive sweating?

Hyperhidrosis (polyhidrosis/sudorrhea)

From what plant family is the alkaloid salt Hyoscyamine sulfate usually obtained?

Solanaceae family

What is another name for Scopolamine?

Hyoscine

Which species is particularly abundant in Scopolamine?

Datura fastuosa var. alba and in D. metel (talumpunay)

Upon hydrolysis, scopolamine yields tropic acid and what base?

Scopoline

What is the common salt of Scopolamine?

Scopolamine hydrobromide (HBr)

What condition is characterized by insensitivity to pain without loss of consciousness, produced by Scopolamine + Morphine?

Twilight sleep

What is the term for mental confusion and emotional disruption for which Scopolamine is used?

Delirium

What dosage form of Scopolamine is effective in the prevention of nausea and vomiting associated with motion sickness?

Scopolamine Transdermal patch

What is the Brand Name for Hyoscine Butylbromide?

Buscopan

What condition involves pain when urinary stones block part of the urinary tract?

Renal colic

What syndrome involves abdominal pain, bloating, gas, and diarrhea or constipation?

Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)

What are the common names for Atropa belladonna?

Belladonna or “Deadly nightshade”

About 3/4 of the alkaloid mixture in Belladonna leaves is what alkaloid?

Hyoscyamine

What alkaloids are found in Belladonna roots?

Apoatropine, belladonnine, cuscohygrine, and scopolamine

What is the use of Belladonna as a Parasympathetic Depressant?

Anticholinergic

What type of agent is Belladonna when used for cramps/spasms?

Spasmolytic Agent

Belladonna effects are described as the reverse of what acronym?

“DUMBBELSS”

What are the two common forms of administration for Belladonna leaf?

Tincture or extract

What is the alkaloid concentration in Belladonna tincture?

30 mg alkaloids/100 ml