A&P SP26- Final Exam Study (Dr. York)

Olfactory nerve CN I

smell

Optic nerve CN II

vision

Oculomotor nerve CN III

eye movement pupil constriction eyelid elevation

Trochlear nerve CN IV

moves eye inferiorly and laterally

Trigeminal nerve CN V

facial sensation chewing

Abducens nerve CN VI

abducts eye laterally

Facial nerve CN VII

facial expression taste anterior tongue tears saliva

Vestibulocochlear nerve CN VIII

hearing balance

Glossopharyngeal nerve CN IX

taste posterior tongue swallowing salivation

Vagus nerve CN X

parasympathetic control swallowing speech

Accessory nerve CN XI

head and shoulder movement

Hypoglossal nerve CN XII

tongue movement

Broca's area

speech production

Wernicke's area

language comprehension

Primary motor cortex

controls voluntary movement, located in the frontal lobe on the precentral gyrus

Primary somatosensory cortex

interprets touch pressure pain temperature, located in the parietal lobe on the postcentral gyrus

Visual cortex

processes vision, located in the occipital lobe

Auditory cortex

processes hearing, located in the temporal lobe

Cerebellum

coordination balance posture

Brainstem

controls vital autonomic functions

Meninges

protective coverings of brain and spinal cord

Dura mater

outer tough meningeal layer

Arachnoid mater

middle web like meningeal layer

Pia mater

inner delicate meningeal layer

Cerebrospinal fluid

cushions and nourishes CNS

Dermatome

skin area supplied by one spinal nerve

Myelin

insulating covering that speeds nerve impulses

Astrocytes

support neurons maintain blood brain barrier

Microglia

immune defense cells of CNS

Oligodendrocytes

form CNS myelin

Ependymal cells

produce circulate CSF

Schwann cells

form PNS myelin

Satellite cells

support neuron cell bodies in PNS

Resting membrane potential

polarized state of neuron at rest

Depolarization

membrane becomes more positive

Repolarization

membrane returns to negative state

Hyperpolarization

membrane becomes more negative than resting

Action potential

rapid electrical signal in neurons

Absolute refractory period

neuron cannot fire another impulse

Relative refractory period

stronger stimulus needed for impulse

Threshold

minimum stimulus needed to trigger action potential

Synapse

junction between neurons

Neurotransmitter

chemical messenger between neurons

General senses

touch pressure pain temperature proprioception

Special senses

vision hearing taste smell equilibrium

Gustation

sense of taste

Taste buds

receptors for taste

Rods

photoreceptors for dim light

Cones

photoreceptors for color vision

Visual pathway

route of impulses from retina to visual cortex

Pituitary gland

master endocrine gland

Hypothalamus

controls pituitary maintains homeostasis

Pineal gland

secretes melatonin

Thyroid gland

regulates metabolism

Parathyroid glands

regulate blood calcium

Adrenal glands

stress response salt balance

Pancreas

regulates blood glucose

Thymus

site of T cell maturation

Ovaries

produce eggs estrogen progesterone

Testes

produce sperm testosterone

Growth hormone

stimulates body growth

Thyroid hormone

increases metabolism

Calcitonin

lowers blood calcium

Parathyroid hormone

raises blood calcium

Insulin

lowers blood glucose

Glucagon

raises blood glucose

Cortisol

stress hormone increases blood glucose

Aldosterone

increases sodium and water retention

Epinephrine

fight or flight hormone

Antidiuretic hormone ADH

increases water reabsorption

Oxytocin

stimulates uterine contractions and milk ejection

Prolactin

stimulates milk production

Melatonin

regulates sleep cycle

Estrogen

female secondary sex traits menstrual cycle regulation

Progesterone

maintains uterine lining pregnancy

Testosterone

male secondary sex traits sperm production

Homeostasis

maintenance of stable internal environment

Heart chambers

right atrium right ventricle left atrium left ventricle

Tricuspid valve

between right atrium and right ventricle, prevents backflow from right ventricle into the right atrium

Pulmonary semilunar valve

between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk, prevents backflow from the pulmonary trunk into the right ventricle

Mitral bicuspid valve

between left atrium and left ventricle, prevents backflow from the left ventricle into the left atrium

Aortic semilunar valve

between left ventricle and aorta, prevents backflow from aorta into left ventricle

Chordae tendineae

anchor AV valve cusps

Auricle

flap like extension of atrium

Sinoatrial SA node

pacemaker of heart

Atrioventricular AV node

delays electrical impulse

Bundle of His

conducts impulse to ventricles

Purkinje fibers

distribute impulse through ventricles

ECG P wave

atrial depolarization

ECG QRS complex

ventricular depolarization

ECG T wave

ventricular repolarization

Plateau phase

prolonged depolarization in cardiac muscle

Pulmonary circulation

blood flow between heart and lungs

Systemic circulation

blood flow between heart and body

Superior vena cava

returns blood from upper body

Inferior vena cava

returns blood from lower body

Aorta

largest artery carrying oxygenated blood

Arteries

carry blood away from heart

Veins

carry blood toward heart

Capillaries

exchange vessels between blood and tissues