Organisation essential knowledge quiz for revision

What are the two types of digestion

Mechanical and chemical

What is mechanical digestion

Physical action of teeth and stomach, pulverising food

What does pulverising food mean

Reducing solid food into smaller particles

What is chemical digestion

Action of enzymes found in digestive organs

What is peristalsis

Contracting and relaxing muscles causing movement

Which organelle are enzymes found in (in cells)

Cytoplasm

Where are enzymes found in the body

Intestines, stomach and mouth

What are enzymes made up of

Amino acids (types of protein)

How does an enzyme work

• Has an active site which fits substrate

• Enzyme binds with substrate; enzyme-substrate complex made

Which enzyme fits the substrate starch

Carbohydrase

Which enzyme fits the substrate protein

Protease

Which enzyme fits the substrate lipid

Lipase

What is the product of carbohydrase and starch

Glucose

What is the product of protein and protease

Amino acids

What is the product of lipids and lipase

Fatty acids + glycerol

Where is bile released from

Gall bladder

What is emulsification

Breaking down fat into smaller droplets

What is the ph of hydrochloric acid

2

The wall of small intestine contains villi, which have tiny folds. How does this benefit it

Gives huge surface area for diffusion

Each villus is one cell thick, how does this benefit the wall of the small intestine

Gives it a short diffusion path

Each villus has its own blood supply, how does this benefit the wall of the small intestine

Maintains steep concentration gradient

Why is hydrochloric acid useful in the body

Kills bacteria in food, provides optimum pH for protease enzymes to work in

Where is bile made and stored

Made in liver, stored in gall bladder

Where does bile go to from the gall bladder

Small intestine

Which acid does bile neutralise

Stomach acid

What happens to the intestine wall and capillaries if someone has coeliac disease

Wall has smaller surface area, less capillaries

If someone has coeliac disease, intestine wall has smaller SA and there are less capillaries. What does this mean for diffusion distance

Longer diffusion distance

A longer diffusion distance leads to less efficient absorption of what

Digested nutrients

If less digested nutrients are absorbed, what could happen to the body

Lose weight, malnourished, fatigue

Where is protease produced

Stomach and pancreas

Describe test for glucose

Benedict’s solution, needs heat. Blue→brick red

Describe test for starch

Iodine, orange→blue black

Describe test for protein

Biuret, blue→purple, shake

Describe test for fats

Ethanol and water, clear→cloudy

What are classed as biological catalysts

Enzymes

What is plasma

Straw coloured, liquid part of blood that all other parts are carried in

What does plasma carry

Platelets, dissolved CO2, dissolved glucose and amino acids

Do red blood cells have a nucleus

No

What are red blood cells filled with

Haemoglobin

Where is oxyhemoglobin formed

Lungs

Why do red blood cells have a large surface area

To help quick diffusion of oxygen

What is the shape of red blood cells

Biconcave

Are white blood cells bigger or smaller than red blood cells

Bigger

Why do white blood cells have lots of ribosomes

To make antibodies and enzymes

What are platelets important for

Blood clotting

When injuries occur, what do platelets get tuck in

The mesh that is created

What is the role of arteries

Carry blood away from heart

What is the role of veins

Carry blood back to heart

What is the role of capillaries

Tiny blood vessels that ensure all cells have good blood supply

What connects arteries and veins together, and what does this allow for

Capillaries, so blood flows in continuous loop

Describe the structure of arteries

• Thick outer wall

• Small lumen

• Thick layer of muscles & elastic fibres

Describe the structure of veins

• Thin layer of muscle and elastic fibres

• Large lumen

• Thin outer wall

• Has valves

Describe the structure of capillaries

• Very small lumen

• Wall so single layer of cell

Which type of blood vessel carries blood under low pressure

Veins

Which type of blood vessel carries blood under high pressure

Capillaries

Which type of blood vessel carries blood but loses pressure as it flows through

Arteries

Which vessels can a pulse be felt

Artery

Why do veins contain valves

Prevent back flow of blood

Why are capillary walls so thin

Allows for rapid diffusion

What happens to speed of blood as it flows through capillaries and why

Slows down so capillaries don’t burst