Global Studies 104 second half of quarter

Hemispheric Orientalism

Transnational anti-asian racism. first seen in debates over chinese immigration into the US and Latin America in the 19th century- seen in parallel policies related to japanese and south asian restriction. Asian immigrants were homogenized and anti-asian stereotypes were created

Orientalism

an approach in which western academics, artists, authors, and other cultural producers essentialize the "east" as exotic, static and underdeveloped, thus portraying western culture as superior

History of anti-asian immigration policies (3)

1907 anti-asian riots in vancouver, SF had consequences:

1. US and Canada negotiated with Japan for voluntary bans on immigration to both of these countries

2. Japanese and Koreans were barred from entering hawaii- influx of japanese to canada

3. 1908: continuous journey law forbade individuals who didn't come from "continuous journey" effectively barring south asians

Domino effect of restriction policies targeting asians redirected asians to South America

White pacific

A racial and geographic imaginary in which orientalism and anti-asian policies were shared and replicated across white settler societies

Great White Fleet

16 American battleships, painted white, sent around the world to display American naval power over "the oriental" - spread anti-asian rhetoric across the globe

Flexible citizenship

how people respond fluidly and opportunistically to changing political economic conditions

Aihwa ong's forms of capital

economic capital- money and capital accumulation

social capital- resource gained from social networks

cultural capital- non-financil assets important to culture, social standing,

symbolic capital- how you are perceived by others- ideology of taste and privilege

What are the paradoxes of the global flow of domestic workers as described by  Rhacel Salazar Parreñas in her study of Filipina migrants? 

Filipina migrants are caretakers for wealthy families, giving them economic power but reasserting gender roles of the type of labor women should be doing. Chain of care-- pushed out of homes in philippines but stuck in western homes

multiracial whiteness

The idea that whiteness is not just a racial identity but a political system tied to belonging and power. POC are drawn into the politics of exclusion through economic opportunities within the military indutrial complex

Paradox of globalization (related to borders)

idea of globalization connecting the whole world (demise of the nation state) is challenged by globalization leading to the hardening of borders

De Leon

- prevention through deterrence program aims to prevent illegal immigration but just forces more clandestine forms of migration

- Clandestine migration is dangerous

- Undocumented migration projects- maps along arizona-mex border with tags representing recovered bodies of people who have died crossing the border

NAFTA

Free trade agreement that opened mexican borders to subsidized US imports - causes lost jobs and migration

The chain of care

Women in the global south provide emotional and physical labor for those in the Global North through care work

- Global North women are liberated from tradiional female roles, but only because women from the global south have left their own homes to fill the gap

Implications of the hardening of borders

- increase in clandestine migration- dangerous human smuggling across the desert

The border spectacle

The hardening of borders emphasizes diffrences between nations- creates chaos and violence- reinforces in vs out group dichotomy

"walls in the hands of the people"

Walls are for those inside- powerful symbolic making citizens feel comfortable and protected but doesnt actually decrease migration

Beltran ideas

- cruelty as citizenship

- policing and homeland security have created jobs for POC

Force of domesticity

Economic independence relies on performance of femininity, wage gap, burden of the double day

In what ways has the public sphere changed from the 19th century to the present, according to Zeynep Tüfekçi? And how has this affected the way people engage in politics?

Digital technology has reconfigured the public sphere, enabling communication between millions who are not in physical proximity.

Activists can organize through social media- ex. egypt

Ecological effects and affordances

ecological effects: when technology exists in society it changes the environment for everyone

affordances: what the features of a given technology allows or encourages the user to do - ex #s, likes

Technodeterminism

seeing technology as the cause and/or the solution to social conditions and human problems

- others argue that technology is just a tool

Algorithms and corporate platforms as new gatekeepers

facebook combines the public sphere into a single platform, all these functions are subject to policies, terms, and algorithms of a single platform

algorithms can maximize visibility or privacy

- ex. fergusoncase obstructed by ice bucket challenge

Platforms and privacy

platforms collect huge amount of data that is sold to advertisers

- real identities put activists at risk

Global knowledge gap in digital information technologies

97% of the world's languages are considered "low resource", oral traditions, local languages, traditional medicine and indigenous ecological knowledge are absent or marginalized through these platforms

mode amplification

LLMs amplify dominant patterns beyond actual prevalence - amplifies hierarchies that contributes to the erasure of systems of understanding that have evolved over centuries and wisdom that hasn't been encoded. Risk to diversity!!

Argument against cultural imperialism of technology

Communities actively resist and repurpose platforms

same infrastructure that concentrates knowledge power also enables diaspora communities to maintain language and culture across borders, indigenous activists to organize globally, and local movements to gain international visibility

Types of work in the era of AI

- Content Moderators: workers who manually trawl through social media posts to remove toxic content

- Data annotators: label data w relevant tags to make it legible for use by computer algorithms

How is the digital labor of AI distributed across the world/ what are the working conditions?

- Exploit global south - urban slums in africa, drains water in chile

- type of labor: lack of job security, high turnover, poor wages, long hours, mental health toll, surveillance

Collins- how is global garmets work feminized

- sewing is innately a "women's job", perceived as low skill, low-paying

- women are more "docile"/ submissive, makes it easier to exploit

- TNCs exploit gender roles of the global south countries

Differential mobilities

Firms/workers have different abilities to move around the world. Gives TNCs leverage over workers and governments because they can always threaten to leave

Logistics revolution

A shift in capitalist accumulation through expanding the volume and speed at which goods are produced, delivered and consumed. Amazon has created a monopoly - built out infrastructure and large system of fulfilment centers, retail locations, data centers, corporate offices, tech hubs and headquarters

Chua argument about worker organization

workers should organize transnationally - otherwise companies will just offshore because global supply chains are so connected

- Organizing at every stage of production

- ex. poland and germany

Animism

- reciprocity: humans owe obligations to non-human beings

- Kinship with nature: other species and landforms are relatives, not resources

- Place based identity: communities are defined by their relationships to specific landscapes

Achuchar example

Indigenous people living in the amazon- see plants and animals as relatives with souls and agency - idea of regeneration (don't take more than other is willing or able to give)

Degrowth

Ecological crisis requires decolonizing lands and minds - from domination to reciprocity, separation form natural world to connection

Capitalism needs to render nature inferior

Tenets of degrowth

commodification: removing need to buy and sell

reciprocity

deescalation: scaling down excess energy and material use

decolonization of the mind: rejecting dualism that makes extraction appear natural

second scientific revolution

- we are interdependent/connected

- ex legal personhood= exploiting is illegal - if corps have legal personhood so should nature