APWHHH

What other global empires and regional states experienced upheaval in the 16th Century?

British, France, Spanish, Ottoman Empire, Safavid Empire, China Empire, and Russian Empire.

What made the costly wars that led to the Atlantic Revolutions different?

 The costly wars that made Atlantic Revolutions go into debt, were more global and not regional due to the fact they were European imperial states.

What examples show that the Atlantic Revolutions were connected to one another unlike other upheavals during this time?

Thomas Jefferson was the U.S. ambassador to France. Simon Bolivar was the figure that led the Spanish American to independence.

What common ideas did the Atlantic Revolutions have, inspired by the Enlightenment?

Human political and social arrangments could be engineered, and improved, by human action. New ideas of liberty, equality, free trade, religious tolerance, republicanism, human rationality, and popular sovereignty.

What did the ideals of the Atlantic Revolutions inspire other countries to do?

The ideals of the Atlantic Revolutions had spread across the world to the point where countries would abolish slavery, extend the right to vote, develop constitutions, and secure greater equality for women.

What are some long term examples of the influence of nationalism borne of the revolutions?

Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Movements in Asia, French Revolution parade, etc..

What decisive political change did the Revolution cause?

Breaking from Britian.

Why do some argue the Revolution was largely conservative?

It originated in an effort to preserve the existing liberties in the colonies rather than create new ones.

What were the differences between Englishmen in England and Englishmen in the North American colonies?

Social life was more open in the colonies. There was more land and fewer people, no titled mobility or single established church. (economic, social, and political.)

What does the book argues is the key cause of the Revolution?

The key cause of the revolution was because of Britian appending Tax and Tarrifn on non-British Parliments. Thus, causing a war.

What were some of the outcomes of the American Revolution?

Independence from Britain, more democracy, politics more open, slavery was gradually abolished in the North, one of the first sustained efforts of the Enlightenment ideas, inspired others.

How was the French society divided into groups before the National Assembly was formed?

The three estates-- or legal orders, that had male representatives: clergys, nobility, and commoners.

How did each social group view the sharp conflicts in French Society?

 In the French Society the wealthy individuals acted as if there wasn’t monarch rulers and disobeyed the taxation rule. The middle class, thought that it was not fair that aristocracy had greater privileges that they do not have access to. Urban women and men struggled with being unemployed and with inflation. Lastly, peasants had to work without payment, had to pay taxes, etc..

What ways did the efforts of constitutional monarchy and generally conservative rebellion give way to more radical measures?

Fear that revolution might be overturned led to a more violent nature, including urban insurrections and attacks on the homes of French lords.

In what ways did the more radical elements of the revolution attempt to create a wholly new society?

The National Assembly ended all legal privileges and feudalism in France, slavery was briefly abolished, and the authority of the Church was reconstructed.

In what ways did women participate in the French Revolution?

The famous storming of the Bastille, a large fortress, prison, and armory. Some demonstrated or even rioted over the price of food.

What did women do to make serious demands?

Invasion of buildings, petitioned for better women’s rights, declared the right to bear arms for the revolution, and established women’s clubs.

What impact did these women’s demands have on the Revolution?

It led to the question of women’s rights and to what extent they should be considered.

In what other ways did the Revolution’s impact get felt by citizens?

The French empire grew under the leadership of Napolean. French citizens saw an end to feudalism, more equality of rights, new leaves of religious tolerance, more definite laws, and rational government administration.

In what way did the French and American Revolutions differ in the way their influence was spread?

The American Revolution spread through its idealistic constitution and inspiring revolution while French influence was mainly spread through conquest.

What impact did Napoleon have on the ideals of the Revolution at home?

Napoleon helped improve the upheaval of the revolution by maintaining religious freedom, and civil equality, harmonizing with the Catholic Church, and non-religious law code.

What components of the Revolution did Napoleon spread throughout Europe?

Napoleon ended feudalism, declared equality of rights, and insisted on religious tolerance..

AP Skill: What caused the French Revolution to be much more radical than the American Revolution?

The reason that the French Revolution was much more radical than the American Revolution was due to the women's rights protest, no religious demand, equal rights, etc.. So, you get the sense that the French Revolution was far more violent than the American Revolution.

Describe the social classes in Haiti before the Revolution.

The slaves were about 500,000 of the population, the whites (owners of plantations, merchants and lawyers) 40,000, and free people of color that made up the 30,000 population.

In what ways did the principles of the French Revolution mean different things to different people in Haiti?

The grand blancas, (white rich men) wanted greater freedom for the colony, and more opportunities for trade. Whereas, the petits blancs wanted equality for all white men. Yet, both did not want rights for slaves. However, to the slaves it meant personally free which created a slave revolution.

In what ways was the revolution in Haiti unprecedented socially politically and economically?

Socially, the slaves were free and independent. Politically, they founded the first non-European state to combine with western colonialism, as well as, threw off French colonial rule. Economically, Haiti’s plantation system which was basically all coffee and sugar was completely destroyed.

In what ways did the destructiveness of the Haitian revolution contribute to its abiding poverty in the generations to come?

 Independence debt the French forced on the Republic in 1825 held back freedom in Haiti. Furthermore, they inspired more slaves to revolt.

How did the Haitian revolution impact neighboring slave states and other slave empires in the hemisphere?

 The Haitian revolution caused freedom in many states, particularly, in Latin America. Since Napoleon did not conquer Haiti, he had to sell French territories to the Americans. This purchase was known as the Lousianna purchase. Even though Haiti abolished slavery in its country, it increased slavery in Cuba.

At the start of the Revolutionary period, in what ways were the experiences in Latin America similar to the American Revolution?

There were uncoordinated protests, wars, unity, outrage, declaration of independence, etc..

What two reasons contributed to the delay in Spanish American revolutions?

One: The Latin America peoples were outnumbered by Native Americans, people of Africa, and Mixed peoples. Two: The British counterpart was more organized and had a social class.

What events in Europe pushed revolution on the Latin American colonies?

In 1808, Napoleon invaded Spain and Portugal.

How was the Mexican revolution different from the American Revolution?

In North America, the only reason there was domestic disputes was due to conflict with loyalists. Whereas, in Mexico, peasants revolted due to hunger and due to inflation on food.

How did the specter of violence loom over the Latin American revolutions?

Tupac Amaru reminded whites that there were oppressed people of color and that the society they were in was explosive. Therefore, did the Hidalgo-Morelos rebellion in Mexico.

What solution did creole revolutionaries have to the problem of getting the support of the people?

White creoles and Mestizos referred to themselves as Spanish. Therefore, the nationalist leaders decided to give them freedom, independence, and social advancement. IF, they helped in the revolution.

In what ways did Latin American women contribute to the Revolution?

Wealthy women would raise money, peasants would cook, and some women would even dress up as men to contribute to the Revolution.

What things stood in the way of Latin American unity in contrast to the emergence of the United States of America?

Due to not being able to unite Spanish Colonies because of distance and bad communication. The United States could not have emerged with Latin America. 

Latin America became underdeveloped, impoverished, politically unstable, undemocratic, and depended on foreign technology. Whereas, the United States of America was stable, wealthy, extremely developed, influential, etc..

How did the Revolutions influence the 19th Century outside of Europe?

The idea of a  constitution was found in Poland, Russia, the Spainish-ruled Philipinese, China, the Ottoman Empire, and  British governed India.

How did the Revolutions affect nations within Europe in the decades that followed?

Abolitionists, Feminism, and Natiionlists.

Explain the secular, religious, economic and political strands of thinking that came together to support abolitionism.

They came together in an abolitionist movement.

What techniques did the abolitionists in Britain use to pressure the Parliament to eventually abolish slavery?

They created petitions, lawsuits, phaplets, and boycotts of slaved-produced sugar.

What role did Britain play in the abolition of slavery outside of it's empire?

 Britiain would patrol the atlantic sea, and would stop illegal ships with slaves on them, shortly after that they would return them to a place where they would be free.

In what ways did the lives of former slaves not improve dramatically?

The lives of former slaves did not improve dramatically because, they did not have money to life. Therefore, they had to keep working. In America, they would receive VERY LOW payment to work. However, in Russia they would need to keep repaying their debts which caused them to stay impoverished.

How did the end of slavery impact West and East Africa? The Islamic World?

 In Africa, since Slaves were not being sold, that had to work in their own country to export crops. In the Islamic world, they would still have slaves. Yet, some authorities would argue that the Quran does not approve of slavery. However, the still had slaves and did not contribute to the abolitionist movement.

What factors facilitated the rise of nationalism?

North and South of America would name their revolutions after their nations, in France they would have people fight under one nations. Ex: French Nation. Furthermore, nationalism rose due to European loyalists and older identities being eroded.

What ways did nationalism inspire change in Europe?

In Europe, nationalism was bringing back older culture, growing reading, encouraged political and cultural leaders to create a group where all of those people are under one nation.

How did governments seek to instill national loyalties in their citizens in the name of nationalism?

 Governments would force their people to learn their language even in regions of their countries where it is uncommon to speak that language. Furthermore, the Western world would use school public rituals, and mass media to instill national loyalties.

How did the various political ideologies view nationalism?

 France and America used nationalism to express this ideology, “Those who already have a nation can learn the dominate nation, and convert..” Whereas, in Germany nationalism is where people who do not have the common ancestry are excluded. EX: Jews.

How did Nationalism impact the non-European world?

 In Egypt, the geyot fir the Egypations movement happened due to the French and British intervention had deepend. In Japan, due to European aggression the Japanese transformed into a modern nationalism. In British ruled India, Ottoman Empire, and China they all transformed their countries into a nation based off their intellectual thinkers.

How did the Enlightenment impact the ideas of feminism?

The enlightenment challenged patriarchy, the class of men to women. The enlightenment challenged ancient traditions, includuing on occasion that of women’s natural imperfection.

What accomplishments did women of all social classes accomplish?

Educational opportunities, some freedom from household drudgery. Also, some of the working-class sisters became active trade unionists.

How was feminism a transatlantic movement?

Due to European and American women attending the same conferences, corresponded regularly, and read one another’s work. Feminism became a transaltantic movement.

What issue did feminists key in on by the 1870s?

They were focused on women rights to vote, and graining supporters.

What concrete accomplishments did the 19th Century feminist movement achieve?

The French feminist movement achieved 100,000 supports, and 2 million supporters in National American Women Suffrage Assocation. Furthermore, the achieved entrance to universities, the right to vote in some places, rights over their property, divorce laws being liberalized, etc..

What less concrete accomplishments did feminism achieve?

In Henrik Ibsen’s play “A Doll’s House”, the heroine, Nora, finding herself in a loveless and oppressive marriage, leaves her home. This play shows the oppression women have achieved over the years leading up to the feminist movement.

What two arguments were made to justify women’s suffrage?

Human equality, and maternal feminism.

What arguments did people make against feminism?

 Academic and Medical experts aruged that feminists/feminist movements would cause depopiulation and serious damage to the families. Saying that they were selfish.

Where did feminism emerge outside of Europe and the United States?

Feminism emerged to Islamic and Chinese worlds, Brazil and Mexico, etc..