BIO101 Study Guide— Chapter 3: The Organic Molecules of Life

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Organic Molecules

Molecules that contain both hydrogen and carbon.

Inorganic Molecules

Molecules that do not contain both hydrogen and carbon.

Functional Groups

Determine the chemical reactivity and polarity of an organic molecule.

Carbohydrates

Biomolecules made of monosaccharides that can form polysaccharides.

Monosaccharides

Simple sugars like glucose, ribose, and deoxyribose.

Disaccharides

Two monosaccharides joined together, examples include lactose, sucrose, and maltose.

Polysaccharides

Polymers of monosaccharides, examples include starch, glycogen, cellulose, and chitin.

Dehydration Synthesis

A reaction where molecules bond and release water.

Hydrolysis

A reaction where water is added to break a molecular bond.

Lipids

Varied structure, large, nonpolar, and insoluble biomolecules.

Fats

Triglycerides used for long-term energy storage, can be saturated or unsaturated.

Phospholipids

Form membranes with one glycerol, two fatty acids, and one phosphate.

Steroids

Composed of four fused carbon rings, examples include cholesterol, testosterone, and estrogen.

Waxes

Long-chain fatty acids with long-chain alcohols, solid at room temperature, waterproof.

Protein Functions

Support, metabolism, transport, defense, regulation, and motion.

Enzymes

Proteins that speed up chemical reactions in metabolism.

Peptide Bond

The bond formed between amino acids during polypeptide construction.

Primary Structure

The linear sequence of amino acids in a protein.

Secondary Structure

The formation of alpha helices or beta-pleated sheets in proteins.

Tertiary Structure

The 3D structure of a protein, representing its active form.

Quaternary Structure

Multiple protein structures working together.

Denatured Proteins

Proteins that lose their shape and function due to high temperatures or pH changes.

DNA

Contains genetic data, has a double helix structure, and includes adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine.

RNA

Transports genetic data during mitosis, includes adenine, uracil, guanine, and cytosine.

Pyrimidines

Nitrogenous bases including cytosine, thymine, and uracil.

Purines

Nitrogenous bases including guanine and adenine.

Nucleotides

Composed of one phosphate, one pentose sugar, and a nitrogen-containing base.

ATP

A modified nucleotide that serves as an energy carrier in cells.

hydroxyl

alcohol, polar, forms hydrogen bond, present in sugars, some amino acids

cabonyl

aldehyde, polar, present in sugars

Carboxyl

acidic, present in fatty acids, amino acids

amino

polar, basic, forms hydrogen bonds, present in amino acids

sulfhydryl

thiol, forms disulfide bonds, present in some amino acids

Phosphate

polar, acidic, present in nucleotides, phospholipids