BIO101 Study Guide— Chapter 3: The Organic Molecules of Life

3.1 Organic Molecules

Distinguish between organic and inorganic molecules.

organic molecules have both hydrogen and carbon

Explain the importance of functional groups in determining the chemical properties of an organic molecule.

Functional groups determine the chemical reactivity and polarity of an organic molecule

Identify the four main categories of biomolecules and list monomers for each polymer.

Carbohydrates = monosaccharide --> Polysaccharide

Lipids= fatty acid, glycerol --> no polymers

proteins= amino acids --> polypetide when over 50

Nucleic Acids = nucelotide --> DNA and RNA

Compare dehydration synthesis (condensation) and hydrolysis reactions as they relate to biological molecules.

dehydration occurs when molecules bond and release water

hydrolysis occurs when you add water to a molecular bond to break that bond

3.2 Carbohydrates

Summarize the structure and function of carbohydrates and list the three classes with examples of each (monosaccharides--glucose, ribose, deoxyribose; disaccharides--maltose, sucrose, lactose; polysaccharides--starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin).

energy source, provide building material

Monosaccharides -- simple sugar -- glucose, ribose, deoxyribose

Disaccharides-- 2 monosaccharides joined together during dehydration-- lactose, sucrose, matose

Polysaccharides -- polymer of monosaccharides -- starch, glucose, cellulose, chitin

3.3 Lipids:

Summarize the structure and function of lipids and list the three classes with examples of each (fats & oils--triglycerides, glycerol, fatty acid, saturated fatty acid, unsaturated fatty acid, trans fat; phospholipids; steroids--cholesterol).

varied structure, large, nonpolar, insoluble

long term energy storage, structure, heat retention, cell communication, protection

Fat -- Tryglicerides, long term energy storage-- fatty acids, UNsaturated = bonds comes from plants, saturated NO = bonds comes from animals

Oils -- Phospholipds, form membranes, 1 glycerol, 2 long chain of fatty acids, 1 phosphate

Steroids -- four fused carbon rings, cholestrol, testosterone, estrogen

Waxes -- Long chain fatty acid with long chain alcohol-- solid at room temp, waterproof, degradation resistant, beeswax, earwax, plant cuticle, protects things

3.4 Proteins:

Summarize the six basic functions of proteins (support, metabolism, transport, defense, regulation, and motion).

metabolism: enzymes speed chem reactions

support: keratin, collagen

transport: hemoglobin trans oxygen

defense: antibodies

Regulatory: horomones influence metabolism

motion: microtubles move cell components, actin and myosin contravtile protein allow muscles to contract

Explain how a polypeptide is constructed from amino acids (including peptide bond).

over 50 amino acid = polypeptide, bond cavalently using dehydration

Describe the four levels of protein structure (primary structure; secondary structure--alpha helix, beta pleated sheet; tertiary structure; quaternary structure).

primary linear sequence of aminos

secondary alpha helix or b sheet also inactive

tertiary only active struct, 3D struct

quarternary structure is multple types of structures working together

Explain how high temperatures or changes in pH affect protein shape (denatured proteins).

When a protein loses its shape it is denatured and cannot function called be denatured

3.5 Nucleic acid:

Summarize the two categories of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) and describe their biological functions.

DNA contains genetic data of a cell, double helix, adenin, thymine, guanine, cytosine

RNA transports genetic data of a cell during mitosis, adenine, uracil, guanine, cytosine

PYRMIDINES PURINES

cytosine, thymine, uracil guanine, adenine

Compare the nucleotides of DNA and RNA (including name of the sugar, names of nitrogen-containing bases, phosphate).

composed of 1 phosphate, 1 pentose sugar, nitrogen containing base

structure is backbone of nucleic acid strand compose of alternating sugars, phosphate molecules

Describe function of the modified nucleotide, ATP.

Summarize the relationship between proteins and nucleic acids, using sickle-cell disease as an example.