Hallmarks of Aging

Genomic Instability

Damage to nuclear and mitochondrial DNA by free radicals, radiation, and mutagens.

Telomere Attrition

Wearing down of the protective caps on chromosomes.

Epigenetic Alterations

Modifications in gene expression, turning on pro-aging genes and shutting down youthful ones, leading to system-wide loss of function

Loss of Proteostasis

Deregulation of the mechanisms responsible for protein folding and recycling, leading to the accumulation of harmful by-products.

Deregulated Nutrient Sensing

Deterioration of the cell’s nutrient level response, leading to impairments in energy production, cell growth, and other essential functions.

Mitochondrial Dysfunction

Damage to mitochondrial DNA, resulting in reduced efficiency in energy production, increased oxidative stress, and the contamination of other mitochondria.

Cellular Senescence

Accumulation of senescent (non-dividing) cells in the body, impairing tissue function and increasing inflammation.

Stem Cell Exhaustion

Depletion of stem cell reserves, leading to a weaker immune system, and inadequate tissue repair

Altered Intercellular Communication

Deregulation of the communication channels between cells, causing chronic inflammation and tissue damage