apes unit 4 population

k-selected species

Possess relatively stable populations fluctuating near the carrying capacity of the environment. These species are characterized by having only a few offspring but investing high amounts of parental care. Elephants, humans, and bison

rule of 70

Used to determine the doubling time of a population by using

the equation DT=70/CBR where DT is doubling time and CBR

is crude birth rate.

type 3 survivorship curve

curve depicts species where few individuals will live to

adulthood and die as they get older because the greatest

mortality for these individuals is experienced early in life.

carrying capacity

maximum number of individuals an ecosystem can support

cultural carrying capacity

The maximum number of people who could live in reasonable

freedom and comfort indefinitely without decreasing the

ability of the earth to sustain future generations

demographic transition

Movement of a nation from high population growth to low

population as it develops economically (from subsistence

economy to affluence

logistic growth model

Population increase that happens in a manner that starts

slowly, as there are few individuals, then increases in speed

as numbers increase, but then decreases to a halt as numbers

get high enough that resources are depleted and cannot

support further growth. is represented in

graph form as an S-shaped curve (S curve

type 1 survivorship curve

individuals have a high probability of surviving through early

and middle life but have a rapid decline in the number of

individuals surviving into late life

r-selected species

A species puts only a small investment of resources into each

offspring, but produces many such low effort babies. Such

species are also generally not very invested in protecting or

raising these young

population momentum

Is a consequence of the demographic transition and is the

ratio of the size of the population at that new equilibrium

level to the size of the initial population.

type 2 survivorship curve

shows a roughly constant mortality rate for the species

through its entire life. This means that the individual's chance

of dying is independent of their age.

density dependent factors

factors that influence population growth based on size (size affects survival )

density independent factors

A factor that limits the size of a population whose effect is

not dependent on the number of individuals in the

population.(survival not affected by size )

survivorship curves

A line that displays the relative survival rates of a cohort - a

group of individuals of the same age- in a population, from birth

to the maximum age reached by any one cohort member. Type

1,2,3 curves

population density

A measure of the number of organisms that make up a

population in a defined area

biotic potential

The maximum capacity of an organism for reproduction

under optimum environmental conditions.

boom and bust cycle

Regular increase and decrease of a population. One usually

lags behind the other

Crude birth rate

The number of births per 1,000 individuals per year.

crude death rate

The number of deaths per 1,000 individuals per year.

emigration

Act of leaving a place. Usually happens more in developing

countries.

immigration

Act of going into a place. Usually happens more in developed

countries.

pre industrial - 1st stage of society

Death and birth rates are high, but roughly in balance. Population growth is slow.

industrial 3rd stage of society

Marked by declining fertility, fairly low mortality rates, and

moderate to slow population growth rates.

transitional 2nd stage of society

Rapid increase of human population due to improvements in

health care and the supply of food

post industrial 4th stage in society

Emphasizes on services, which depend on intelligent

designers and users of technology.

environmental resistance

Sum of environmental factors that tend to restrict the basic

potential of organisms and impose a limit on numerical

increase

fecundity

is a biological potential of the physiological capacity to

participate in reproduction (able to be fertile)

dead zone

a region of the ecosystem that can’t support any living

creatures.