SPA 212 EXAMEN 2: GRAMÁTICA

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Last updated 1:08 PM on 3/25/26
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14 Terms

1
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When do i use SER

SER = permanent / what something IS

  • Description → es inteligente

  • Origin → es de México

  • Time/date → es lunes

  • Possession → es de Ana

  • Event location → la fiesta es en…

2
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When do I use ESTAR

ESTAR = temporary / how something IS

  • Location → está en casa

  • Condition/feeling → está cansado

  • Ongoing action → está estudiando

3
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What happens when you switch ser estar?

  • es aburrido = boring person

  • está aburrido = is bored

  • es listo = smart

  • está listo = ready

  • es guapo/a = attractive

  • está guapo/a = looks good (right now)

4
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What is hay?

  • Means “there is / there are”

  • ALWAYS singular

Hay un restaurante
Hay tres restaurantes

5
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How do you say “is doing”?

estar + -ando / -iendo

  • estoy hablando

  • está estudiando

6
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How do past participles work? Reg

Regular:

  • -ar → -ado

  • -er/-ir → -ido

hablado, comido

7
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Common irregulars

Common irregulars:

  • abierto (open)

  • hecho (done)

  • visto (seen)

  • puesto (put)

  • dicho (said)

  • escrito (written)

  • roto (broken)

  • muerto (dead)

Used with estar:
La puerta está abierta

8
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When do I use the subjunctive?

Use subjunctive after QUE when there is:

W.E.I.R.D.O.

  • Wishes → quiero que…

  • Emotions → me gusta que…

  • Impersonal expressions → es importante que…

  • Recommendations → recomiendo que…

  • Doubt/denial → dudo que…

  • Ojalá → ojalá que…

9
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How do I choose injunctive vs subjunctive

  • Creo que / pienso que → INDICATIVE

  • No creo que / dudo que → SUBJUNCTIVE

KEY RULE:
certainty = indicative
doubt/emotion = subjunctive

10
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How does tense affect subjunctive?

  • Present main verb → present subjunctive
    Quiero que vengas

  • Past main verb → imperfect subjunctive
    Quería que vinieras

11
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How do I form commands?

tú affirmative:

  • same as él/ella form
    habla, come, vive

  • tú negative:

  • use subjunctive

  • no hables, no comas

12
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IRREGULAR tú commands

di, haz, ve, pon, sal, sé, ten, ven

13
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Where do pronouns go?

  • affirmative → attach to end
    dímelo

  • negative → before verb
    no me lo digas

14
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How do I say “let’s…”?

use subjunctive:

  • hablemos

  • comamos

ir is weird:

  • vamos (NOT vayamos)