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When do i use SER
SER = permanent / what something IS
Description → es inteligente
Origin → es de México
Time/date → es lunes
Possession → es de Ana
Event location → la fiesta es en…
When do I use ESTAR
ESTAR = temporary / how something IS
Location → está en casa
Condition/feeling → está cansado
Ongoing action → está estudiando
What happens when you switch ser ↔ estar?
es aburrido = boring person
está aburrido = is bored
es listo = smart
está listo = ready
es guapo/a = attractive
está guapo/a = looks good (right now)
What is hay?
Means “there is / there are”
ALWAYS singular
Hay un restaurante
Hay tres restaurantes
How do you say “is doing”?
estar + -ando / -iendo
estoy hablando
está estudiando
How do past participles work? Reg
Regular:
-ar → -ado
-er/-ir → -ido
hablado, comido
Common irregulars
Common irregulars:
abierto (open)
hecho (done)
visto (seen)
puesto (put)
dicho (said)
escrito (written)
roto (broken)
muerto (dead)
Used with estar:
La puerta está abierta
When do I use the subjunctive?
Use subjunctive after QUE when there is:
W.E.I.R.D.O.
Wishes → quiero que…
Emotions → me gusta que…
Impersonal expressions → es importante que…
Recommendations → recomiendo que…
Doubt/denial → dudo que…
Ojalá → ojalá que…
How do I choose injunctive vs subjunctive
Creo que / pienso que → INDICATIVE
No creo que / dudo que → SUBJUNCTIVE
KEY RULE:
certainty = indicative
doubt/emotion = subjunctive
How does tense affect subjunctive?
Present main verb → present subjunctive
Quiero que vengas
Past main verb → imperfect subjunctive
Quería que vinieras
How do I form commands?
tú affirmative:
same as él/ella form
habla, come, vive
tú negative:
use subjunctive
no hables, no comas
IRREGULAR tú commands
di, haz, ve, pon, sal, sé, ten, ven
Where do pronouns go?
affirmative → attach to end
dímelo
negative → before verb
no me lo digas
How do I say “let’s…”?
use subjunctive:
hablemos
comamos
ir is weird:
vamos (NOT vayamos)