clinical examples human physiology final

effects of K pumps that dont work

seizures/ epilepsy, increased excitability and not able to repolarize the membrane to its negative resting potential

effects of Na pump not working

no pain because AP never fire, membrane cant depolarize, Na blockers can be used in anesthetics

myastenia gravis (MG) is what

autoimmune synpatic disease, where AchE doesnt work therefore Ach cant be broken down into acetate and choline to be brought back into presynaptic neuron to make more Ach

blockers of Na gates (pre and post)

TTX

presynaptic poisons (what they do, examples)

inhibit NT release and block Ca-calmodulin; examples: botulin toxin, TTX, bungarotoxin (cobras) and nicotine

inhibitors of Ache, effects and examples

accumulation of Ach causes hyperexcitability (prolonged signaling); ex: strychine, nerve gas, picotoxin, caffeine, tea, parathion, malothion

inhibitors of reuptake poisons, effects and examples

prolonged signaling and you physically run out of NT (not reabsorbed into presynaptic neuron), ex cocaine and adderall

CVA causes and results, treatments

rupture or blockage of O2 vessels, leads to neuron apoptosis and hypertoxicity (pos feedback), motor and memory deficits

treatments: within 3 hours

o2 loss in broca area

loss of language command, can still comprehend

o2 loss is wennicke area

loss of comprehension, cant still speak articulately

parkinsons, where it effects, causes, treatments

loss in inhibitory responses provided by dopamine (loss of dopamine), occurs in basal nuclei, effects include muscle rigidity, shaking hands, shuffled gait, memory/ thinking impairment

treatments: L-dopa, can cross BBB then converted to dopamine

alzeihmers

characterized by neurofibrillary tangles from B amyloid released, the tangles decrease neural transmission

in the amygdala, hippocampus, temporal lobes

shizofrenia

too much dopamine, incresed excitability

rigor mortis

adp and pi fell off, AM crossbridge locked in place with muscles contracted, no fresh atp to relax

albumiuria/ proteinuria

damaged basement membrane lets protein into urine, can be due to high bp, damage to fenestrations, athletic pseduonephritis

athletic pseudonephritis

increased permeability, decreased tubular reabsorption and GFR as blood is diverted to muscles, can lead to protein in urine

hypertension

chronic change state, bp in local area sensed as low and activates RAAS, positive fb loop

glomerulonephritis

thickening of fenestrations, dec GFR and dec urine

congestive heart failure

ECF may get up to 200% excess, from failing heart dec CO, falsely triggeres RAAS and sympathetic control to inc GFR, positive fb loop because it results in increased salt reabsorption and

acute renal failure

reduction of urine to <500mL/ day

chronic renal failure

progressive loss of kidney function, 75% destruction of kidney

end stage renal failure

90% of nephrons impaired, irreversible, will need dialysis or transplant

artificial kidney

based on simple diffusion

advantages of artificial kidney

4x clearance rate than kidneys, life maintained 15-20 yrs, can feed unconscious via glucose gradien

continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis

use peritoneal cavity rather than cellulose, can do independently

type 2 diabetes

reduced insulin responsiveness to glucose

type 1 diabetes

lack of insulin secretion

foramen ovale

hole between chambers, right to left shunt, leads to cyanosis

ductus arteriosis

pulmonary artery to aortic arches, snaps at first breath

s3 sound

children thin heart walls, adult heart disease

heart murmur

defective heart valves

bradycardia

60bpm

athlete bradycardia

higher parasympathetic inhibition of SA node

tachycardia

100bpm, activation of sympathetic

ectopic pacemaker

cells outside of SA node take on pacemaker activity

ventricular tachycardia

ectopic pacemakers in ventricles beat separate from atria

flutter

regular waves, but 200-300 bpm, leads to afib

atrial fibrilation

atria stops, patient can live years (20% of blood flow)

ventricular fibrilation

ventricles stop, minutes to live, apply strong current to put heart in complete refraction in hopes that SA node spontaneously depolarizes

1st degree AV block

longer P-R distance (>.2 sec)

2nd degree AV block

only ½ AP reach ventricles (missing qrs spectrums), may get ectopic pacemaker cells

3rd degree AV block

no atrial AP reach ventricles, atria beat by SA node and ventricles beat by ectopic pacemaker, need artificial pacemaker

atheriossclerosis or arteriosclerosis

benign tumor in coronary vessels, laminar blood flow disrupted

ischemia

downstream blockage, decreases O2

heart attack

myocardial infarction, elevated ST segment

myocardial ischemia

depressed ST segment, pain in left shoulder, inc lactic acid concentration

bypass

saphenous leg vein used as bridge over blocked coronary vessels

angioplasty

insert balloon, rarely used because thrombus may break off and go downstream

other treatments for plaque buildup in heart

scrape the plaque (eek), blood thinners, stint

hypertension defined by

140/90 bp (high diastolic)

decreased pulse pressure leads to

dehydration

exercise effects on bp

inc cardiac output, inc systolic to 200/100

asphyxiation

CO competes for heme 240x oxygen

nitrogen narcosis

inc in ppN2 from depth past 1atm, can rip through phospholipid bilayer

high altitude effects on respiration

inc erythropoesis, inc blood viscosity, inc bp; symptoms include nausea and high heart rate

choking effects respiration

high CO2, right shift, dec affinity for O2

hyperventilation on respiration

left shift, dec ppCO2, inc O2 affinity

smoking and vaping effects resipratory

incapacitage macrophages, respiratory cilia cannot move, particles stay in lungs leading to pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema

dyspnea

labored breathing

apnea

cessation of breathing

eupnea

normal breathing

asthma, bronchitis, emphysema

air cant get out (dec ERV) , inc RV , dec VC, same TLC

pulmonary fibrosis, lack of compliance (recoil), age, SIDS

restrictive lung disease, air cant get in; dec IRV, inc ERV, dec VC, dec TLC

SIDS

TV changes

exercise spirometry

same TV, inc frequency of breaths leads to inc VC

chemotherapy and filtration

disrupts charge barrier, protein can get into urine

factors increasing GFR

inc bp, exercise, excess fluids, burn/ trauma, dec plasma blood osmolarity, afferent vasodilation

factors decreasing GFR

hemorrage, dec bp, diarhea, kidney stones, inc bowmans hydrostatic pressure, afferent vasoconstriction

heartburn

food goes back through gastroesophogeal sphincter

ulcers

H pylori bacteria causes most cases, treat with bland diet, no alcohol or aspirin, remove gastrin hormone by taking out PGA, cut vagus nerve, bicarbonates

gallstones

high precipiatation of cholesterol or bilirubin , may need gallbladder removed and then you cant store bile therefore decrease fat intake

jaundice

heme breaks into bilirubin, if hepatocytes lose function to break down in liver and secrete into bile, it will circulate in blood and cause yellow tint

fetal jaundice

fetal Hb has much higher rbc, so they have more excretion of rbc waste but their hepatocytes/ liver arent fully functional so arent able to rid it easily, high levels can ppt in brain basal ganglia, and light therapy can be used to treat

vomiting physiology

stomach bystander, pressed btwn diaphragm and abdominal muscles, vomit comes up and falls back from closed pharyngesophogeal sphincter, vomit falls from gravity, peristalsis causes pressure build up vomit leaves by mouth