Pe a level unit 3 sport and society

where did people live in pre industrial britain

Lived in villages and worked in agriculture. Rural areas

Communication and transport pre industrial britain

limited communication and transport. People stayed in their village.

Education in pre industrial britain

no lower class education but upper class had some education

Living conditions in pre industrial britain

Harsh living conditions with violent lifestyle

Free time in pre industrial britain

dictated by seasons

Class divisions in pre industrial britain

split between upper and lower class

what did the lower class play

popular recreation such as mob football

what did the upper class play

rational recreation such as real tennis

characteristics of popular recreation

few unwritten basic rules

occasional events

force rather than skill

played locally

limited equipment

disorderly and violent

characteristics of rational recreation

complex written rules

regularly played

involved skills

tactical

played regionally and nationally

used sophisticated equipment and facilities

played with morals

Why was popular recreation played locally

limited transport and communication

Why was popular recreationbased on simple rules

lower class had no education

Why was popular recreation aggressive

The lower class lived in a harsh society

Why was popular recreation only played occassionally

The lower class had little free time

Why did popular recreation have little equipment

The lower class had little disposable income for equipment

Who played popular recreation

The lower class

Why was rational recreation played regularly

The upper class had more free time

Why could rational recreation be played regionally and nationally

Had access to some transport

Why did rational recreation have sophisticated equipment and facilities

The upper class are wealthy and can afford it

Why was rational recreation played at a higher skill level

The upper class have more free time

Why did rational recreation hav e more complicated rules

The upper class are educated and can understand it

Early form of pre industrial athletics

Footmen hired by upper class racing and upper class would wager on it.

Upper class were patrons who organised events and wagered on them

Other forms of athletics

rural community festivals

included football cycling running and hurdling

Characteristics of early athletics events

Simple unwritten rules

LOcal events

Held annualy

Rural location

Wagers were held

Much Wenlock games

1850

played sports like football and cricket

athletics like running hurdling and cycling

annual competitions

precursor to olympic games

What is the olympian class

A special division that promote moral, physical and intellectual improvement

Similarities between much wenlock and modern olympics

multi event ganes

Had ceremonies

Aims of improving moral, physical and intellectual health

reward for winning

Changes due to industrial revolution

Now live in urban areas

now work in manufacturing

New tech and inventions

Transport introduced

CHange in lifestyle

People live in town

People work in factories

Travel and communication possible

Education for all

Civilised lifestyle

Longer hours but saturday afternoon off

Middle class emerged

Initial negative of industrial revolution

Urban areas meant less space to play sports

Long work hours meant no free time

Poor wages is no disposable income for equipment

Poor health couldn’t play sport

Society civilised so cannot play mob games

No places to play sport

Eventual Positives of industrial revolution

Health and hygiene improved so could play sport

Wages increased so disposable income spent on sport

Middle class developed who helped lower class

Ex public school boys set up NGBs and leagues

Improved transport allowed national fixtures

Improved communication allowed for results to be published

Decreased working hours is more time for sports

Social factors leading to rationalization of sport

Popular recreation banned by authorities

Needed games that would not cause injuries

Lack of space in town prevented mob football

How transport led to rationalisation of sport

Faster and further travel for fans

Nationwide fixtures

Sport could develop regionally

Working class can follow their team

Access to countryside

How did literacy lead to rationalisation of sport

More people could understand rules

Increased knowledge and awareness through newspaper

Sporting heroes became household names

Public provisions effect on sport

Public baths and parks made

Improved health of public

Gave working class positive things to do in their free time

Churches effect on sport

Encouraged participation

GAve facilities for sport

Set up teams

Developed muscular christian

Increased church attendance

Effect of factories on sport

Provided teams for their workers

Provided facilities for sport

Gave time off to play football

This increased loyalty to the workplace

Role of middle class on sport

Formed NGBs

Created a rule set

Developed leagues and competitions

Pushed for public provision

Role of NGBs for sport

Formed of ex public school boys

Made leagues

Set up fixtures

Maintained amateur ideal

Set up rules

British empire effect on sport

Spread sport to countries owned by british empire and also took inspiration from other countries sports

Early form of professionalism in football

Broken time payments

Boot money

Many disliked professionalism

Professional football recognised by FA 1885

Characteristics of real tennis

Upper class

Complex rules

regular participation

skills

equipment and facilities

code of behaviour

men only

Lawn tennis

Middle class invention

separates them from working class

Called spharistike

Buy kit and play in gardens

Private tennis clubs also made

Key features of lawn tennis

Male and female

standardised rules

middle class

has equipment

Why lawn tennis is popular with women

Can be private in garden away from public eye

Can be played in a ladylike fashion

Could have full body covered

Womens public schools also played the game

Spread of tennis

Global tournaments

Players earn money through winning

Majors excluded professionals until 1968

Urban fairs and games

Rural fairs replaced by urban fairs

Athletics popular in towns

Purpose built tracks and facilities built

Wagering common

Lower class wanted to earn money and were professional

Upper and middle class was for enjoyment amateurs

Governing body for athletics

AAC formed in 1866 and excluded working class

NGB codified athletics

1880 AAA formed and allowed working classWo

Women in athletics

Track and field not suitable for women as violated dress code.
Womens AAA formed 1922

Women first allowed in olympics 1928

Founding of olympics

Barron pierre de coubetin founded olympics and was heavily influenced by much wenlock games.

Started modern olympic games Athens 1896

Switch to professionalism in athletics

80s and 90s sport became more commercialised

1990’s AAA replaced by British athletic federation and paved way for professionalism

The Diamond league

set up in 2010

Long series of one day meetings

2025 total was 18 million

Professionalism makes sport more appealing

Has led to win at all costs

19th century amateurs

High status

Middle and upper class

highest level of performance

Participation more important than winning

Following fair play

The all rounder was highly praised

Professionals in 19th century

Earned money from sport

Low status

Sport way out of poverty

Win at all cost mentality

Little free time to practise

Why professionals were frowned upon

Related to low social status

Win at all cost mentality led to cheating

Positives of being a 19th century professional

Earnings from sport were higher than working class wage

Standards started to rise

Female tennis players

First womens championship at wimbledon 1884

WTA founded by Billie Jean King 1973 organises womens tennis

US open gave equal pay form men and women 1972

Lots of female role models

Small tournaments do not have equal pay

Organisation supporting women in football

FA promotes womens football

Wild cat Girls programme to increase participation
Have WSL, Womens championship and Womens FA cup

Oragnisations supporting womens tennis

WTA founded by BIllie jean King
Oragnises womens pro tennis
Organises WTA tour - lots of media coverage and money

Female athletes

Were not allowed to compete in many events
WAAA ran womens athletics until AAA combined it with mens
Diamond league has equal pay for women and men

Early womens football

Gained popularity during WW1
Informal matches to raise money for soldiers
53,000 viewers at Goodison park 1920

What happened to womens football 1921

Was banned by FA for next 50 years

Womens football post ban

1969 - WFA formed so had a NGB
1971 - Ban was lifted
1972 - Womens national team formed
1991 - Womens premier league formed
1993 - FA starts direct involvement
2002 - Football most participated sport by women
2011 WSL formed
2012 - Women compete in football in olympics
2020 - equal opportunity for women and boys at grass roots
2022 - Win euros

Barriers for women

Hostile attitude from men
Stereotypes against women
Lack of clubs and refs for female football
Lack of role models

3 aspects of golden triangle

Sport
Sponsorship
Media

Factors that cause commercialisation of sport

Industrialisation and improved transport + communication
Mass population with increasing free time
Disposable income

Advantages of commercialisation

More funding for sport
Increased salary
Improved facility
Creates role models
Everyone can watch

Disadvantages of commercialisation

Timing of matches changed to suit fans
Funding matches popularity of sport
Win at all cost mentality
Lots of scrutiny
Athletes become a product
Seasons longer

Fitness benefits of sport to individual

Increased CV endurance
Increased flexibility
Increased speed
Increased agility

Impact of improved fitness

Reduce risk CHD
Reduce risk obesity
Reduces risk of anxiety
Increase life expectancy

Fitness benefits to society

There is less time off work which leads to more productive workforce and less sick pay being spent.

Health benefits from sport to individual

Decrease blood pressure
Fat loss
Stronger bones
IMproved mental health

Impact of health benefits to individual

Lower risk chd
Lower risk obesity
Lower risk anxiety
Increase life expectancy

Result of a healthier nation

Less strain on NHS
positive lifestyle habits formed

Social benefits from sport

Meet new friends
productive use free time
Social skills developed

Impact of social benefits on individual

Improved communication
Improved happiness
Less likely for crime
Leadership can be used in workforce

Social benefits from sport on society and impact

Social control - less crime
More elite athletes formed - national pride
Social integration - less discrimination
More money spent - boosts economy

Characteristics that could lead to less sport participation

Gender
Low income
Disabled
Ethnic minority

Reasons why women less likely to participate

Fewer role models
Fewer clubs
Discrimination
Less viable career path
Other responsibilities

Reasons why low income less likely to participate

Fewer role models
Lack of leisure time
Lack of facilities in area
Lack of disposable income

Barriers for disabled performers

Lack of role models
Fewer clubs
Lack of specialist equipment
Schools not accomodating
Discrimination

Barriers for ethnic minorities in sport

Cultural limitations (dress code)
Cultural traditions such as ramadan
Few ethnic minority coaches
Channeling into specific sports
Stereotypes and discrimination

Other barriers to sport

Poor health
Poor education
Low self esteem

What is a society

An organised group of people associated for a specific purpose or with shared common interest

What is socialisation

A lifelong process where members of a society learn its norms, values, ideas practices and roles

Primary socialisation

Socialisation of children in their early years and takes place with immediate family

Secondary socialisation

Socialisation process at later years and involves school and friends and coaches

Social issues

Problems that affect many people within a society

Stratification

Where society is divided into wealth and class

Stereotype

A standardised image about a group

Discrimination

UNfair treatment of a person or minority group based on a prejudice

Social structures

These include organisations such as school and the work place and can influence sport

Social processes

Patterns and growth of society over time which includes social change and social control

Social control

Where peoples thoughts, feelings, appearance and behaviour are regulated by social systems.

Social change

When society readjust to meet the needs of members of groups in society

Under represented groups

A group of people who have significantly less control or power

Dominant group

A group of people who have control, power, privileges and social status

Reasons teams use social media

Direct fan engagement
Increase popularity and sales
BIgger fanbase so more sponsors

Benefits to fans of club having social media

Real time updates
Global fan engagementN

Negative of social media for sports

Receive online abuse
Inappropriate posts
Need extensive social media training