week 15 bone joint disorders

What are bone and joint disorders?

Conditions affecting the structure and function of bones and joints, leading to pain, deformity, and limited mobility.

What are common causes of bone and joint disorders?

Trauma, aging, genetic factors, infections, or metabolic imbalances.

What is osteoporosis?

A systemic skeletal disease characterized by low bone mass, leading to increased fracture risk.

What are the risk factors for osteoporosis?

Age, gender (more common in women), family history, low calcium or vitamin D intake, smoking, sedentary lifestyle, and excessive alcohol consumption.

What are common clinical manifestations of osteoporosis?

Decreasing height, back pain, dowager's hump, and fractures with minimal trauma.

What is the primary diagnostic tool for osteoporosis?

Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA) for bone mineral density screening.

What dietary changes can help manage osteoporosis?

Increased intake of calcium, vitamin D, and phytoestrogens.

What is rheumatoid arthritis (RA)?

An autoimmune disorder causing chronic inflammation of joints, leading to joint damage and deformities.

What are the risk factors for rheumatoid arthritis?

Family history, genetics, smoking, age (most common between 20-40 years), and gender (more common in women).

What are common clinical manifestations of rheumatoid arthritis?

Fatigue, weight loss, painful swollen joints, stiffness, and potential deformities.

What is osteoarthritis (OA)?

A chronic, non-systemic disorder characterized by degeneration of joint cartilage, commonly affecting weight-bearing joints.

What are common clinical manifestations of osteoarthritis?

Pain aggravated by use, stiffness, Heberden's nodes, Bouchard's nodes, and decreased range of motion.

What is gout?

A disorder of purine metabolism characterized by high levels of uric acid, leading to joint inflammation and pain.

What are common risk factors for gout?

Male gender, familial history, high purine diet, alcohol consumption, and obesity.

What are common clinical manifestations of gout?

Joint pain, redness, swelling, and tophi deposits in tissues.

What is the mainstay medication for rheumatoid arthritis?

Aspirin, which has both analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects.

What are some management strategies for osteoarthritis?

Physical therapy, analgesics, NSAIDs, and joint replacement if necessary.

What is the recommended fluid intake for patients with gout?

At least 2000 to 3000 mL per day to avoid kidney stones.

What should patients with gout avoid in their diet?

Purine-rich foods such as organ meats, sardines, and alcohol.

What is the significance of Heberden's and Bouchard's nodes?

They are bony overgrowths associated with osteoarthritis at the distal and proximal interphalangeal joints, respectively.

What is the role of corticosteroids in rheumatoid arthritis management?

Used for intra-articular injections when pain becomes intolerable.

What is the purpose of passive range of motion exercises in rheumatoid arthritis?

To prevent contractures and maintain joint mobility.

What is a common deformity associated with rheumatoid arthritis?

Ulnar drift of the hand, also known as the 'zigzag deformity.'

What are the potential complications of prolonged use of Allopurinol?

Visual changes; patients should have yearly eye examinations.

What is the recommended administration guideline for bisphosphonates?

Administer 30 minutes before meals and instruct the patient to remain upright for 30 minutes.

What is the significance of fall prevention strategies in osteoporosis management?

To reduce the risk of fractures resulting from falls.

What is the role of physical therapy in managing osteoarthritis?

To maintain joint mobility and muscle strength.

What is synovectomy?

Surgical removal of the synovial membrane in rheumatoid arthritis treatment.

What should not be taken with anticoagulant medications?

ASA (Aspirin)

What medication may increase the effect of Coumadin?

Allopurinol

List three side effects of anti-gout medications.

Headache, nausea, vomiting

What is osteomalacia?

Softening of the bones due to insufficient vitamin D or metabolism issues.

What are common clinical manifestations of osteomalacia?

Bone pain, muscle weakness, increased fracture risk, difficulty walking.

What dietary changes are recommended for gout management?

Low purine diet, avoiding organ meats, shellfish, legumes, and certain fish.

What is osteomyelitis?

An infection of the bone, potentially caused by soft tissue infections or bloodborne spread.

What are risk factors for osteomyelitis?

Recent surgery, trauma, diabetes, IV drug use, compromised immune system.

What are the clinical manifestations of osteomyelitis?

Fever, redness, swelling, warmth, and constant pulsating pain in the affected bone.

What is the initial management goal for osteomyelitis?

Control and arrest the infective process.

What is Carpal Tunnel Syndrome?

Compression of the median nerve at the wrist due to various factors.

What are common clinical manifestations of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome?

Pain from wrist to shoulders, numbness, paresthesia, weak grip.

What is a positive Phalen's sign?

Tingling sensation when the wrist is held in flexion for 60 seconds.

What is Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)?

A chronic, multisystem, inflammatory, autoimmune disorder.

What is the prevalence of SLE?

100 per 100,000 persons, higher incidence in women aged 15 to 40.

What are common clinical manifestations of SLE?

Arthralgias, arthritis, skin rashes, renal involvement, and neuropsychiatric symptoms.

What are some medications that can precipitate SLE?

Procainamide, hydralazine, Isoniazid, and some antiseizure medications.

What is the management for SLE?

Rest, ROM exercises, sun protection, and pharmacotherapy including NSAIDs and steroids.

What is a common skin manifestation of SLE?

Butterfly-shaped rash across the nose and cheeks.

What are the diagnostic tests for SLE?

CBC, elevated ESR, (+) ANA, (+) Anti-DNA.

What is the role of plasmapheresis in SLE treatment?

It separates antibodies from plasma to inhibit the autoimmune response.

What dietary recommendations are made for patients with osteomalacia?

Oral supplements of vitamin D, calcium, and phosphorus.

What is the treatment duration for intravenous antibiotics in osteomyelitis?

3 to 6 weeks.

What is the effect of sunlight on SLE symptoms?

Sunlight can provoke exacerbations of symptoms.

What is the importance of hydration in managing osteomyelitis?

It supports general health and recovery during treatment.

What is the significance of a positive Tinel's sign?

It indicates tingling sensation upon tapping the inner wrist, suggesting Carpal Tunnel Syndrome.

What is the recommended management for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome?

Rest, splinting, avoiding repetitive wrist flexion, and possible surgical release.

What are common gastrointestinal side effects of anti-gout medications?

Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.

What is the role of NSAIDs in SLE management?

They provide anti-inflammatory effects to relieve symptoms.