AP GOV- CIVIL RIGHTS

13th Amendment

Prohibited slavery in the U.S

14th Amendment

Grants citizenship to everyone born or naturalized in the U.S, including former slaves, and guarantees them equal protection under the laws.

15th Amendment

Prohibited the federal and state governments from denying a citizen the right to vote based on "race, color, or previous condition of servitude."

24th Amendment

Prohibited poll taxes in federal elections.

What did SCOTUS rule in the Dred Scott case

The Court ruled that African Americans were not considered citizens and therefore could not sue in federal court.

Literacy Tests

Impossible literacy tests, targeting African American voters stopping them from voting.

Grandfather Clause

Allowed men only to vote if their ancestors were allowed to vote

Poll Tax

A fee that had to be paid to vote, impacting African Americans and other poor men

Segregation De Jure

Legal segregation, mandated by official laws

Segregation De Facto

Segregation by practice and not through legal requirements

Little Rock 9

Eisenhower sent federal troops to enforce the supreme court to desegregate schools order after the governor sent troops stopping their entrance

Black Codes

Laws passed immediately after the civil war attacking African-Americans Ex. Cannot own firearms, segregation, cannot assemble, ect…

Jim Crow Laws

Laws enforcing segregation using “separate but equal” to justify

1963 Letter from Birmingham Jail Goal

Create nonviolent tension in society to draw attention to inequality and create change

1963 Letter from Birmingham Jail Main Idea

Equal protection clause must be followed, ending segregation

1963 Letter from Birmingham Jail Effect

Inspired the Civil Rights Act of 1964

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Outlawed racial segregation in schools, public places, employment discrimination. Authorized attorney general to sue places that refused.

Voting Rights Act of 1965

Outlawed literacy tests, authorized justice department to send federal officers to register in uncooperative cities/states

Title IX

Prohibited sex discrimination in schools/education programs receiving federal aid. Increased female participation in sports.

Libel

Written untrue statements that hurt a persons reputation

Slander

Spoken untrue statements that hurt a persons reputation

19th Amendment

Granted women the right to vote

Equal Rights Amendment

Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied by the U.S on account of sex. Did not pass

Equal Pay Act

Federal law requiring employers to pay male and female employees the same wages for equal work

NOW

National Organization for Women; an advocacy group that pushed for change in the legislature and Supreme Court

NAACP

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People; fights for social justice, voting rights, and racial equality. Helped sue in Brown V. Board

Thurgood Marshall

Chief council in the NAACP in the Brown v. Board case, first African American on the Supreme Court.

LDF

NAACP Legal Defense Fund

Title VII

Prohibits discrimination on employment based on color, race, religion, sex, or national origin

Freedom Act

Targeted surveillance, gave more privacy to citizens

Patriot Act

Expanded federal mass surveillance and bulk data collection following 9/11

NSA

National Security Agency; focuses on protecting national security systems

ACLU

American Civil Liberties Union; focuses on protecting individual rights guaranteed by the U.S Constitution

Affirmative Action

Provides special consideration to individuals based on characteristics (race).

Obergefell v. Hodges

Made states recognize same-sex marriage

Brown v. Board

Desegregated public schools

Matthew Shepard/James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act of 2009

Expanded Federal hate crimes. Added gender identity, disability, perceived sexual orientation, and gender to protected classes.