BIO 100 Final

endosymbiotic theory

the theory of how prokaryotic bacterial cells became eukaryotic by engulfing smaller bacterial cells which then became organelles and relied on each other for survival.

Microevolution

changes within a population of a species. easily observed, non-controversial

macroevolution

results of many microevolutionary changes over a long period of time resulting in a new species. controversial among non-biologists

fitness

relative survival and reproduction of one variant

modern synthesis

union of genetics and evolution

diversifying/disruptive selection

both extremes are selected for simultaneously while the intermediate is selected against. most rare type (rock pocket mice on light sandy rock and dark volcanic rock)

stabilizing selection

selection for the average traits. goldie locks - peacock feathers have to be big enough to attract females, but not too big that they make it hard for the peacock to escape predators.

directional selection

one extreme trait is greatly favored over the other

linnean classification

Do Kings Play Chess On Fine Golden Stools?

allopatric speciation

a population forms a new species while geographically isolated from its parent population

sympatric speciation

a small population becomes a new species without geographic separation

Allele

different forms of a gene. Either A or a in the genotype (Aa).

Hardy-Weinberg Theorem equations

p + q = 1
p^2 +2pq +q^2 = 1

gene flow

exchanges alleles between two different populations and may result in new alleles being introduced

Genetic drift

the result of change events (like running over some bugs with your bike)

plasma membrane

cell gatekeeper. bilayer with a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail. semipermeable.

ribosome

synthesizes (assembles) proteins

smooth ER

synthesizes lipids

Golgi apparatus

processes proteins

Lysosome

removes waste from the cell

Peroxisome

breaks down molecules

Vacuole

Contains and dissolves molecules, maintains pressure inside the cell

extracellular matrix

surrounds and supports the cell

cytoskeleton

framework that gives shape and support to the cell

centrioles

organizes microtubules - important to mitosis

macromolecules

carbs, lipids, proteins

macronutrients

water, carbs, proteins, fats

active cell transport

movement from low concentration to high concentration. energy derived from ATP, produces a concentration gradient

passive transport

movement from high concentration to low concentration

exocytosis

release of substances from the cell. vesicles fuse with plasma membrane, and the fusion with the membrane causes release

endocytosis

Inward budding of the membrane that forms a transport vesicle

steps of cellular respiration

glycolysis, citric acid cycle, oxydation

population density

number of individuals per unit area

mark-recapture equation

R/S = M/N

population dispersion

how a population is distributed in space

carrying capacity

called K. the maximum number of individuals that can be supported indefinitely in a given environment

net primary productivity

total amount of plant growth

demographic momentum

time lag between when humans reduce birth rates and when the population growth actually begins to slow

ESA of 1973

endangered species act of 1973 to protect and encourage population growth of threatened and endangered species

mass extinction

more than 50% of species on Earth are eliminated