emt enterance exam

"What is the main goal of the upper airway"

"humidify the air"

"what is directly posterior to the nostrils"

"nasopharynx"

"what is directly posterior to the mouth"

"oropharynx"

"What components make up the pharynx"

"nasopharynx, oropharynx, hypopharynx“

"what is the epiglottis"

"leaf-like structure that covers the trachea"

"what structure is housed by the larynx"

"the vocal cords"

"what part of the airway is the most common place for an airway obstruction"

"the pharynx"

"how many lobes does the left lung have"

"2"

"how many lobes does the right lung have"

"3"

"what structure forms the lower portion of the larynx"

"cricoid cartilage"

"What structures carry air to the trachea to produce sounds"

"pharynx and larynx"

"What is the order of airflow through the lower airway"

"trachea - carina- mainstem bronchi- lung- alveoli"

"what is the cite of gas exchange in the body"

"alveoli"

"what structure divides the chest from the abdomen"

"diaphragm"

"what nerve controls the diaphragm"

"phrenic nerve"

"what cells are contained in the alveoli"

"t1 and t2 pneumocystis"

"what is the main goal of t2 pneumocytes"

"produce surfactant that reduce surface tension and keep alveoli open"

"what is the act of inhalation"

"1. active 2. intercostals/diaphragm contract 3. diaphragm lowers 4. chest expands which causes neg pressure forcing air into the lungs”

"what is the act of exhalation"

"1. passive 2. intercostals/diaphragm relax 3. diaphragm rises 4. chest decreases in size causes positive pressure which pushes air out of the lungs”

"where does oxygenated blood go"

"from lungs to the heart and to the circulatory system"

"what is the main goal of the body buffer system"

"maintain pH by removing co2 via gas exchange"

"what are characteristics of a Childs airway anatomy"

"1. smaller nose/mouth 2. tongue takes up more space 3. narrower trachea 4. less rigid and developed cricoid cartilage 5. airway in general more easily obstructed"

"what is diffusion"

"1. Movement of molecules from high to low concentration 2. move O2 from alveoli to capillaries"

"what is aerobic metabolism"

"1. metabolism in presence of enough o2 2. o2 used to metabolize glucose 3. energy produced efficiently 4. minimal waste products"

"what is anaerobic metabolism"

"1. metabolism without enough o2 2. inefficient production of energy 3. more waste products = excess co2 and lactic acid"

"what is ventilation"

"move air in and out of the lungs"

"what is respiration"

"move o2 into cells and remove co2"

"what is perfusion"

"deliver oxygenated blood to body cells"

"what is tidal volume"

"volume of air moved in one cycle of breathing (350ml)"

"what is minute volume"

"amount of air breathed in during each respiration multiplied by RR"

"what is dead air space"

"150ml of air between mouth and alveoli that doesn't reach the area of gas exchange"

"what detects changes in O2 and Co2 levels in the body"

"chemoreceptors in the brain"

"what is the name of the passageway shared by the digestive and respiratory system for air and food"

"pharynx"

"what ring shaped structure forms the lower portion of the larynx"

"cricoid cartilage"

"Where is Sellick's Maneuver applied?"

"cricoid cartilage"

"what is the name of the hollow, semi-flexible tube that carries inhaled air from the larynx to the lungs“

“Trachea”

"what is the amount of air that normally reaches the alveoli in an adult"

"350ml"

"what is the term for abnormal breath sounds that result from an obstructed airway"

"stridor"

"what is the term for high pitched whistling sounds heard during expiration"

"wheezing"

"what are the structures that branch off of the trachea into the lower airway"

"bronchi"

"what is systolic blood pressure"

"pressure in the arteries when the left ventricles contract and blood is forced into circulation"

"what is diastolic blood pressure"

"pressure in the arteries when the left ventricle is refilling"

"what are the central pulses"

"carotid and femoral pulses"

"what is hypoperfusion"

"1. shock 2. inability of body to adequately circulate blood"

"what are components of the CNS"

"brain and spinal cord"

"what are components of the PNS"

"nerves and ganglia- don't pass through the spinal cord"

"what is the autonomic nervous system"

"division of PNS that controls involuntary motor functions"

"what Is the normal RR for a child"

"15-30"

"what is the normal RR for an infant"

"25-50"

"What are rales/crackles"

"1. indicate thin layer of fluid in lower airways 2. common with pt with pulmonary edema 3. bubbling on inhalation 4. doesn't typically clear with coughing"

"what is rhonchi"

"1. buildup of mucus in lower airways 2. common for smokers or pneumonia 3. snapping sounds 4. caused by movement of thick mucus"

"What are s/s of croup"

"1. children 6months-3 year old 2. swelling of upper airway by viral infection 3. cold or flu like symptoms 4. seal like bark/ cough"

"What are s/s of epiglottis"

"1. swelling of epiglottis 2. caused by infection with flu 3. drooling"

"what are s/s of anaphylaxis"

"1. swelling of soft tissue of mouth and throat 2. hives 3. wheezing"

"what are s/s of asthma"

"1. wheezing 2. tripod positioning 3. multiple MDI doses without relief"

"what are s/s of COPD"

"1. name given to emphysema and chronic bronchitis 2. history of smoking 3. barrel chest 4. new onset of pneumonia 5. wheezing or ronchi 6. may have a fever or change in color of sputum"

"What are s/s of CHF"

"1. fluid buildup in the lungs and alveoli = pulmonary edema 2. CHF Is a cause of pulmonary edema 3. caused by dysfunction of the right or left side of the heart 4. foamy sputum that is blood streaked or tinged"

"What are s/s of pneumothorax in a non traumatic patient"

“1. ruptured bleb

2. can be pathological or caused by COPD

3. shortness of breath, decreased lung sounds, JVD

4. despite high O2 spo2% may not read or change”

"What are s/s of a pulmonary embolism"

"1. when a clot/DVT travels through the right side of the heart 2. common for bedridden patients 3. sudden onset of chest pain and sob 4. tachypneic (high RR) 5. clear lung sounds but low Spo2% reading 6. extensive cyanosis"

"67 year old male patient complains of mild respiratory distress. He smokes 4 packs of cigarettes a day and reports a consistent cough and frequent respiratory infections. Chest sounds reveal bilateral bronchi. What do you suspect"

"chronic bronchitis"

"75 year old female complains of sudden onset of right sided chest pain and dyspnea. She is recovering from recent hip surgery. What do you suspect"

"pulmonary embolism"

"77 year old female has dyspnea, speaks in short phrases and breathes with pursed lips. Lung sounds are diminished, distant and clear. Vitals are BP 152/90, P86 and irregular, RR 23. What should you suspect?“

“Emphysema”

"a febrile 44 year old male complains of shortness of breath and has dull chest pain. He has been coughing up 'rusty' sputum for the last 3 days. What is the most likely cause?"

"pneumonia"

"An 18 year old male is cyanotic and complains of sharp chest pain and difficulty breathing after lifting weights. Vitals are BP 110/66, P 88, RR 22. What is the most likely cause?”

“Spontaneous pneumothorax “

"What is systemic vascular resistance (SVR)"

"pressure in the peripheral blood vessels that the heart must overcome to pump blood into the system"

"what is stroke volume"

"amount of blood ejected from the heart in one contraction"

"what is cardiac output"

"amount of blood ejected from the heart in one minute (HR X SV)"

"what factors affect stroke volume"

"1. Preload 2. Contractility 3. Afterload"

"what is the average stroke volume"

"70ml"

"what is preload"

"volume of blood in ventricles at end of diastole how much blood is returned to the heart before a contraction"

"what is contractility"

"force of contraction"

"what is afterload"

"how much pressure the heart has to pump against to force blood out into the system"

"what part of the nervous system plays a role in adjusting cardiac output"

"autonomic nervous system"

"what is hypovolemic shock"

"1. low blood volume 2, severe bleeding, dehydration”

"what is distributive shock"

“1. loss of blood vessel tone

2. anaphylaxis, sepsis

3. causes low blood pressure”

"what is cardiogenic shock"

"1. heart fails to pump blood 2. MI or trauma 3. damage to the heart muscle and pump fails 4.low blood pressure”

"what is obstructive shock"

"1. blood physically prevented from flowing 2. tension pneumo, pulmonary embolism “

"what is pulmonary respiration"

"exchange of o2 and co2 between alveoli and circulating blood"

"what is cellular respiration"

"exchange of o2 and co2 between cells and circulating blood"

"what is the correct sizing of a blood pressure cuff"

"covers 2/3 of the upper arm"

"what is the main goal of the right side of the heart"

"get O2 from the lungs"

"what is the main goal of the left side of the heart"

"getting blood to the cells in the body"

"What is the order of blood flow in the heart"

"1. vena cava to right atrium 2. right atrium through tricuspid valve into right ventricle 3. right ventricle through pulmonary semilunar valve to pulmonary artery 4. pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood to lungs 5. pulmonary vein returns oxygenated blood from lungs to left atrium 6. left atrium to bicuspid/mitral valve to left ventricle 7. left ventricle (most muscular) to aorta to body"

"what is the strongest section of the heart"

"left ventricle - bc pumps blood to body"

"what respiratory condition can directly be caused by CHF"

"pulmonary edema"

"What are common types of blood thinners"

"Coumadin, warfarin, aspirin”

"why is nocturnal dyspnea common for CHF patients"

"because when they lay down, fluid collects in their lungs making it hard to breathe

positing the patient upright and providing positive pressure ventilations may reduce shortness of breath”

"what is ACS"

"1. Acute coronary syndrome 2. jaw pain and diaphoresis are common symptoms"

"How long should you check a pulse for a hypothermic patient"

"no longer than 45s"

"what are common s/s of hypoperfusion"

"1. altered mental status 2. pale cool, diaphoretic/ clammy

3. tachycardia (high pulse)

4. hypotension (low bp)

5. dyspnea (low rr)

6. tachypnea (high rr)”

"where does the heart receive its nutrients from blood passing through"

"coronary arteries"

"How should you position a patient who's blood pressure begins to drop and they begin to become altered"

"supine"

"what artery supplies the heart muscle with blood"

"coronary"

"what chamber of the heart pumps blood into the lungs"

"right ventricle"

"what are the two upper chambers of the heart"

"atria"

"what pressure is created when the heart contracts and forces blood into the arteries"

"systolic"