The Lower Limb: Bones and Joints

ilium, ischium, pubis

pelvic girdle bones

Right hip bone, left hip bone, sacrum, coccyx

Pelvis

Foot

Tarsus or instep

- Medial Cuneiform

- Intermediate cuneiform

- Lateral cuneiform

- Cuboid bone

Anterior tarsal bones: four bones from medial side

Hallux (first digit)

Great toe or ...

Sacroiliac

Sacrum and ilium

Symphysis pubis

between pubic bones

Hip joints

Hip bone and femur

Knee joints

Femur and tibia

Proximal tibiofibular

Upper tibia and fibula

Distal tibiofibular

Lower tibia and fibula

Ankle or talocrural

Talus, tibia, and fibula

Intertarsal joints

between adjacent tarsal bones

Tarsometatarsal joints

Each foot between tarsals and metatarsals

Intermetatarsal joints

each foot between adjacent metatarsals

Metatarsophalangeal joints

Each foot between adjacent metatarsals

Hip bones

A large irregular bone that connects the lower limb to the trunk

Acetabulum

A deep circular cup shaped depression on the lateral surface of the hip bone below its middle

Acetabular notch

A gap on the inferior margin of the rim of acetabulum

Acetabular fossa

the flat central part of the acetabulum

Obturator foramen

a large opening in the hipbone between the pubis and the ischium.

- Anterior superior iliac spine

- Anterior inferior spine

- Posterior superior spine

- Posterior inferior spine

Four spines of the Ilium

ilium (flank bone)

It forms the upper two-

fifths of the acetabulum, and all of the hip

bone above it.

Ala or wing

Is the thin flattened upper

part of the ilium above the body.

Iliac crest

Upper curved border of the ala

Iliac fossa

Concave inner surface of the wing or ilium

Auricular surface

A rough, ear-shaped

part posterior to the iliac fossa that

articulates with the upper lateral part of

the sacrum

Ischium

Forms the lower two-fifths of the acetabulum and that

part of the hip bone below and dorsal to the

acetabulum.

Ischial spine

pointed process that extends dorsally and

medially from the body of the ischium.

Ischial tuberosity

large rounded process on the

posterior surface of the lower end of the body of

ischium

Pubis

Forms the anterior one-fifth of the acetabulum and the anterior

part of the hip bone in front of the acetabulum and obturator

foramen.

Pubic tubercle

a very small process on the superior margin of

the pubic bone slightly lateral to the pubic symphysis.

Pubic crest

Small ridge on the upper margin extending from the

symphysis to the pubic tubercle.

Pubic arch

is the curved surface formed by the medial margins

of both inferior rami of the pubic bones and the lower border of

the symphysis pubis.

Inlet

Whole Pelvis: Superior Aperture

Outlet

Whole Pelvis: Inferior aperture

Ischium

hollow curved cylinder with bony walls, at the inferior end of the vertebral

column.

Linea terminalis (terminal line)

A ridge of bone that begins at the upper margin of the

symphysis pubis.

Superior aperture (opening)

pelvic rim or inlet. Heart-shaped opening into the true

pelvis.

inferior aperture (outlet)

an opening at the lower end of the pelvis composed of the

incomplete bony ring and ligaments.

True pelvis

or minor pelvis, is the cavity located between the inlet and outlet

False pelvis

or major pelvis, lies above the plane of the inlet

Greater Sciatic notch

a deep notch on the posterior margin of the hip bone (Ischium)

Femur

Is a long bone, and the longest bone in the body, extending from the

hip to the knee.

Fovea capitis femoris

small but definite hole at the center of the

head.

Greater Trochanter

large prominence on the lateral surface of

the upper femur.

Lesser trochanter

much smaller rounded process that extends

medially from the posteromedial margin of the upper femur at the junction of the neck and shaft.

Intertrochanteric crest

is a ridge of bone that passes obliquely

across the back of the upper femur between the greater and lesser

trochanters.

Intertrochanteric line

a ridge that extends obliquely across the

anterior surface of the upper femur.

Linea aspera

a double bony ridge that passes

longitudinally down the posterior surface of the body of

femur.

Medial condyle

rounded knoblike process that forms the

medial part of the distal end of the femur.

Lateral condyle

rounded process forming the lateral part

of the distal end of the femur.

Intercondylar fossa

a deep notch located between the

posterior parts of the femoral condyles.

Adductor tubercle

a small process on the medial surface

of the medial epicondyle.

Patella

Is a sesamoid bone lying within the

tendon of the quadriceps muscle

tendon. It is a flat rounded bone

and lies anterior to the knee joint

Tibia

Large sturdy bone and lies medial to the fibula.

Intercondylar eminence

a small, double pointed process on

the proximal end of the tibia, located between the articular

surfaces of the medial and lateral condyles of the tibia.

Tibial tuberosity

rounded prominence on the anterior

surface of the tibia below the condyles.

Fibular articular surface (fibular facet)

a small, smooth

rounded area on the posterolateral border of the lateral

tibial condyle.

Inferior articular surface

a four sided smooth surface on

the distal end of the tibia.

Medial malleolus

projects down from the medial margin of

the tibia. It reaches about one-half inch below the level of

the ankle joint.

Fibular notch

a concave depression on the lateral surface

of the tibia just above the ankle joint.

Fibula

Long slender bone lying on the lateral side of the tibia and

parallel to it

Apex or Styloid process of the fibula

pointed upper end of

the head. (Fibula)

Lateral malleolus

distal expanded end of the fibula. Its tip

is at lower level than the medial malleolus

Talus (astragalus)

Is sometimes referred to a ankle bone. It lies

between the distal end of the tibia and the calcaneus,

transmitting body weight to the calcaneus.

Trochlea

Upper smooth convex surface that articulates with the lower end of the tibia

The head

Rounded anterior end of the talus

Calcaneus

Largest tarsal bone, forms the heel.

Calcaneal tuberosity

Enlarged posterior end of the calcaneus

Sustentaculumtali

small but definite shelf of bone that

projects medially from the medial surface of the calcaneus

immediately below the talus, which it helps to support.

Fabella

frequently present posterior to and

above the lateral condyle of the femur.

Gliding joint

What kind of joint? Sacroiliac joint

Cartilaginous joint

What kind of joint? Pubic symphysis

Ball and socket joint

What kind of joint? Hip joints or coxal joints

Round ligament (Ligamentum teres)

or the

ligament of the femoral head is attached

to the pit on the femoral head above and

to the acetabular notch of the hip bone

below.

Menisci or semilunar cartilages

2 flat half-moon shaped discs of cartilage with the knee joint

Cruciate ligaments

two band of fibrous

tissue that pass up from the intercondylar

part of tibia, one to each margin of the

intercondylar fossa

Patellar ligaments

extends from the apex of

the patella to the tibial tuberosity.

Gliding joint

What kind of joint? Superior tibiofibular joints

Cartilaginous joints

What kind of joint? Inferior tibiofibular joints

Hinge joint

What kind of joint? Ankle Joint

Gliding joint

What kind of joint? Intertarsal joints

Gliding joints

What kind of joint? Tarsometatarsal joints

Condylar joint

What kind of joint? Metatarsophalangeal joint

Hinge joints

What kind of joint? Interphalangeal joints

Longitudinal arch

- Visible when the foot is viewed on the

medial border.

- Formed by the tarsal and metatarsal

bone

Transverse arch

Curved from the medial side of the

plantar surface to the lateral margin of

the foot

Congenital dislocation

femoral head lies

outside of and above the acetabulum.

Patella aplasia

Absence of one or both patellae

Bipartite patella

Patella may be present as 2 separate bones

Ostrigonum

a small triangular bone posterior

to the talus has formed from a separate

epiphysis to that of the talus, and has failed to

unite with it.

Accessory navicular bone

the posteromedial

part of the navicularbone may be separate

from the main part of this bone.