Exam 3 Chem 420

lipids

biomolecules with fatty acids or steroid nucleus. soluble in organic solvents. insoluble in water

fatty acid

long chain of C. acids

12-17 C atoms

insoluble

can be saturated or unsaturated

saturated fatty acid

single c-c bonds packed closely together

high MP, solid at room temp

unsaturated fatty acid

one or more C=C double bond, kinks prevent tight packing

liquid at room temp

hydrogenation

double bond to single bond.

adds H-H

lipid bilayer

2 rows of phospholipids

hydrophilic

polar heads outward

hydrophobic

nonpolar tails inward

fluid mosaic model

cell membrane is fluid not rigid. contains: phospholipids, proteins, cholesterol, carbohydrates

diffusion

high to low concentration. passive

facilitated transport

uses protein channels

active transport

moves against gradient. requires energy

amino acid structure

base, acid, central carbon, R’ group

Nonpolar amino acid

hydrocarbon R group

polar neutral amino acid

alc, thiol, amide R group

polar acidic amino acid

acidic r group (negative charge)

polar basic amino acid

basic R group (positive charge)

Zwitterions

both + and - charge. Net charge = 0 = at its Pi

low pH

high H+ , high acidic

high pH

low H+ , low acidic (basic)

essential amino acids

10 in total, obtained from diet

peptide bonds

N-C-C chain. middle C is R’

Primary protein

amino acid sequence

Secondary Protein

alpha helix, beta pleated sheet (R GROUPS ARE ABOVE AND BELOW SHEET*), H bonds

Tertiary protein

3D shape

Quarternary protein

multiple protein subunits together

globular protein

Heme group made out of iron (inorganic) and referred to as PROSTHETIC GROUP*

hydrolysis

breaks peptide bond

denature

disruption of protein bonds caused by heat, acids, agitation

Enzymes

biological catalyst

speed up reaction

lower activation energy

Enzyme catalyst reaction

E + S > ES complex > E + P

substrate binds to enzyme

reaction happens

products released

enzyme reused

active site

section where substrate bonds

substrate

reacting molecule

lock and key

rigid active site; exact fit

induced fit

flexible enzyme, changes shape slightly

enzyme temp

37 C

Competitive enzyme inhibitor

competes for active site. can overcome with more substrate

non competitive enzyme inhibitor

binds elsewhere, changes shape, can’t be fixed with more substrate

cofactor

helper for enzyme , metal ion

coenzyme

organic cofactor, vitamin

water soluble vitamins

B + C vitamins , not stored, regular intake

Fat soluble vitamins

A D E K, stored long term

vitamin A

vision

vitamin D

bones

vitamin E

antioxidant

vitamin K

blood clotting

nucleic acid

polymer, stores info for cellular growth and reproduction , DNA, RNA

nucleotides

monomer- Nitrogen base, pentose sugar, phosphate

What prime is the base and phosphate on a pentose sugar?

base - 1

phosphate - 5

pyrimidines

single ring - C T U

purines

double - A G

DNA

ATGC

RNA

AUGC

5 prime

phosphate

3 prime

-OH group

DNA replication

produce 2 new identical DNA copies

1) DNA unwinds by helicase

2) pair complementary

3) Two identical DNA forms

Leading strand

continuous

lagging strand

made in fragments

Helicase

unwinds DNA

DNA polymerase

builds new strand

Ligase

joins okazaki fragments

mRNA

genetic info

tRNA

brings amino acid to ribosome

rRNA

makes i’m 2/3 of ribosome

transcription

DNA to mRNA in nucleus

Translation

mRNA to protein at ribosome

exons

code for protein

introns

do not code

catabolic

breaks things down and releases energy

anabolic

builds large molecules and requires energy

ATP formation

ADP + Pi > ATP

ATP

energy stored in cells

Pi

inorganic phosphate

hydrolysis

ATP > ADP + Pi + Energy (releases energy)

NAD+ > NADH

Reduction

NADH > NAD +

oxidation

glycolysis

glucose to 2 pyruvate

where does glycolysis occur

cytosol

Glycogenesis

glucose to glycogen (stored in liver and muscle)

Glycogenolysis

Glycogen to glucose . breaks glycogen down

Gluconeogenolysis

makes new glucose. uses lactate , amino acids, glycerol

how many ATP used at start of glycolysis

2

how many ATP made after glycolysis

4

allosteric enzyme

can be turned on/ off. can be regulated

Micelle

cluster of lipids/ fat molecules in water

ribosomes

site of protein synthesis using mRNA templates

Nucleus

where the genetic info for replication of DNA is

Mitochondria

contains structures for synthesis of ATP

cytosol

fluid part of cytoplasm containing enzymes

cytoplasm

all cellular content between cell membrane and nucleus

cell membrane

separated cell contents from external environment