Cold War part 2

Leonid Brezhnev

Leader of USSR (1964-1982), war hero, strong relationships with Khruschev, thought he. went wrong with being too loose(destalinization)- reservsed. Overspending in the military caused a decline in agriculture, consumer goods, industries, and healthcare, shortatages and a reduced standard of living.

Brezhnev Doctrine

USSR would use force to keep countries communist, the right to soviet intervention when the essential common interests of other socialist countries were threatened.

Prague Spring - Alexander Dubček

Attempt to liberalize communism ("socialism with a human face"), blessing of moscow, good communist/socialist to keep everything communist. Freedom of the press - crushed by the USSR.

Richard Nixon

Promoted détente

Henry Kissinger

Practiced Realpolitik (practical, power-based decisions), secretary of state/national security advisor, bombings of Cambodia, meetings in china/ussr, wanted to raise supicoion to end Vietnam

Realpolitik

Foreign policy based on power, not ideology or morals, the ability to recognize the real relationship of forces and to make this knowledge serve his ends

Détente

Period of eased tensions between U.S. and USSR (1970s), easing of tensions

Strategic Arms Limitation Talks

Limited nuclear weapons, imitts icmb's for 5 years, talks about starting to limit nuclear war, established principal of arms control

Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty

Limited missile defense systems, limited defense missiles, U>S withdreew from the treaty in 2002, no longer in force.

Gerald Ford

Continued détente policies

Helsinki Accords

Improved relations; USSR agreed to respect human rights, reduced tensions on east/west bloc, accept that russia ontrols east europe, respect human rights of people, cooperate humanitarian issues.

United Nations Resolution 181

Divided Palestine into Jewish and Arab states, Jerusalem was an international city, run by the UN

Palestine Liberation Organization

Group seeking a Palestinian state

Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)

Controls oil supply/prices, decides how much oil to produce

1948 Arab-Israeli War

Israel declared independence → war with neighbors, 5 arab nations invaded Israel ( Syria, Lebanon, Egypt, Jordan, x), Israel won and seized 1/2 of all Palestinian land, from Gaza to the Egyptian border and from the West Bank to the Jordanian border, thousands of Palestinian refugees.

Six-Day War

Israel quickly defeated the Arab nations and gained territory. Mossad is the top spy network in the world, Israel vs Egypt, Syria, Jordan. Isreal took the sinai peninsula, gaza strip, west bank, east jersualem, and golan heights, caused the creation of the PLO.

Yom Kippur War

Egypt/Syria attacked Israel; led to oil crisis, stalemate after the six say war, Egypts sadat thought that a war was needed to break it(The plan was for one attack, to destroy Israel once and for all), egypt and seria adied by the ussr launched a surprise attack. Isreal muched back aided by the us and nixon who sent a lot of money but no troops. Ends in a ceasfire.

Anwar Sadat

Led Egypt in war, later made peace with Israel

1973-1974 Oil Embargo

OPEC cut oil to U.S. → economic crisis, wanted to use oil as a weapon.

Shuttle Diplomacy

U.S. negotiated between Middle East countries, impact: Psychological - victory for the Arab world, although not physical, led to re-opening of peace talks, showed the power of OPEC.

Jimmy Carter

Focused on human rights

Camp David Accords

Peace between Egypt & Israel, sadat nd begin meet in jerusalem secretly, carter invited both to camp david to reach a deal.

Accord: Egypt recognizes Israel, Israel withdraws from all 6-day war land gains. Sadat and Begin both received the Nobel Peace Prize together. Considered carters greatest achivement.

Menachem Begin

Signed Camp David Accords. Isreal

Human Rights

Carter emphasized protecting freedoms worldwide, Carter's sale of policy, broke with tradition, rejected realpolitik, inconsistent, refused to trade with Latin American countries with bad human rights laws, but supported the Shaw.

Panama Canal

U.S. gave control back to Panama, new treaty- said the US took it illegally, the US gave the canal back by 1999

SALT II

Further limited nuclear weapons, with Brezhnev, limited # of nuclear weapons dilivery system, never ratified by the US Senate

Soviet invasion of Afghanistan

USSR tried to support the communist government; ended détente, coup by pro soviet communists, March 1979: revolt by Islamic rebels - against the pro soviet government, Soviets invade, scared Afghanistan would side with the US, was a nasty guerrilla war vs the mujahideen, the US responds with trying to make it as costly as possible for the soviets anf their failing economy. Ended up being the soviets Vietnam, they wont admit to the real number of deaths, only saying 15k.

Mujahideen

Anti-Soviet fighters funded by U.S, Islamic fundamentalist rebels, supported by the US

Carter Doctrine

U.S. would defend Middle East oil

1980 Olympic Boycott& Grain Embargo

U.S. protested Soviet actions, refused to buy soviet grain and go to the Olympics in Russia, also convincing others

Operation Cyclone

Secret U.S. funding of Mujahideen, covet cia support of the mujahideen, the main spender US, didn't think about the long-term consequences.

Iranian Revolution

Overthrew pro-U.S. government, operation ajax(The shaw mohammad reza pahlavi, the shaw is tuling, rigged elections, authortatian/capitalist

Iranian Hostage Crisis

Americans held hostage, shah overthrown, fled iran to paris,

Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi

Pro-U.S. leader overthrown

Ayatollah Khomeini

An established Islamic state, people listening to his speeches through stolen tapes, starts opression to the shah, inspiring people

Operation Eagle Claw

Failed attempt to rescue hostages held in Iran late in the Carter administration, a helicopter

Ronald Reagan

Strong anti-communist, detente critic, wanted to get rid of nukes and shows flexibility working with gorbachev, first terms, cold war heats up, scary time, many threats, aid to non-communist groups and made alliances with dictatorships in th third world,

Evil Empire

Reagan's nickname for the USSR, gave his " Evil Empire " speech, about the USSR and really upset them.

Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) / Star Wars

Missile defense program, "Star Wars", we could defend ourselves with lasers on satellites and a sheild missles could bounce off of, scared the soviets that it was possible, increased the arms race

Korean Air Lines Flight 007

Soviet shot down civilian plane, accident, a korean airline accidentally swayed into russian airspace, over a nuclear submarine base, the plane was shot down killing 50 americans, it was and accident but both countries used it to villanize eachother

Able Archer 83

Nearly caused a nuclear war scare, almost set off a war, scared Eagan restored peace, A NATO military exercise simulating how the alliance would escalate from conventional war to nuclear conflict.

The Day After

Showed nuclear war devastation, A 1983 American TV movie that shows the effects of a nuclear war between the U.S. and the Soviet Union.

1983 Beirut barracks bombings

U.S. troops attacked, capital of lebanon, ebanese civil war, many civilians fled, isreal invaded, us sent marines as part of UN mission, suicidede bombings of US embassy - islamis jihad organization, suicide bombings of marine barracks, regean withdrew troops, controversial, un begs not to, regean didnt want to risk anymore american lives.

Hezbollah

Iran backed extermist group

Muammar Gaddafi / Libya

Supported terrorism, dictator, training camp for terrorist groups

Pan Am Flight 103 bombing

Terrorist bombing linked to Libya, innocent college students from Syracuse

United States invasion of Grenada

U.S. removed communist government, carribean island, built new airport, scared it was for communism, cap of leyor, marxist government, operation ageant fury, us and 7 others, no one needed saving.

El Salvador

Civil war; U.S. supported anti-communists,

Iran-Contra Scandal

U.S. secretly funded rebels,

Sandinistas

Communist government in Nicaragua, fighting, wanted to overthrow us backed dictator somoza

Contras

Anti-communist rebels, rebels, right wring, guerrilla fighters

Boland Amendment

Banned aid to Contras

Oliver North

Involved in Iran-Contra, fall guy - took the blame, regean said he didnt do anything and didnt know about the incident

Yuri Andropov

Short-term leader

Konstantin Chernenko

Another weak leader

Mikhail Gorbachev

Reformed USSR

Glasnost

Openness, soviet policy of disscussion of political and social issues, communist party power would be decreased, multi party electiond should take place - criticizm of government officials, allowed freer media.

Perestroika

Economic reform, decentrilized economic controls, encouraged self financing, economc beaurocracy, obstructed much of the program becuase fo fear of losong power.

Chernobyl disaster

Showed Soviet weakness, fuel lines overheated, created a meltdown, worst enviormental nuclear didaster in hsitory, 700 billion dollars to clean up, over 4000 deaths

Geneva Summit

Reagan & Gorbachev meet, human rights, sdi, arms control, air safety, culture exchange, legacy - rest relations

Reykjavík Summit

Major nuclear discussions, us - lets talk about all issues, USSR- lets talk about armcs control

Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty

Eliminated nuclear weapons, Reagan's "Tear down this wall speech"

George H. W. Bush

Led at end of Cold War, very qualified, congressman, local politics, WWII veteran, head of cia, vice rpesidetn for 8 years, continues regeans policies

Revolutions of 1989

End of communism, Poland, Hungary, Germany, Czechoslovakia, Romania,

Lech Wałęsa & Solidarity

Labor movement challenged communism, started as a labor union, then a movement for democracy. Labor strikes forced negotians becuase of the deteriorating economy.

Fall of the Berlin Wall

Symbol of Cold War ending, hungary had an open door policy leading many eastern germans to flee, in a speech a leader accidentally said peopel could leave, causing them to all flee and tear downt he wall, representing an end to communism in europe

German reunification

East & West Germany unite

Václav Havel & Velvet Revolution

Peaceful overthrow of communism, peaceful protests, especially through art and literature, police ended up killing a dozen in a protest, leading to 500,000 flooding the streets

Nicolae Ceaușescu

Overthrown violently, the protests but violently cracked down, sparking a nationwide uprising, him and his wife tried to flee but were caught and executed

Malta Summit

Officially ended Cold War, gorbachev and regean

START I

Reduced nuclear weapons, cuts nuclear arsenal by 1/3

Boris Yeltsin

Led Russia after USSR, played a big role in the coup of 1991,

New Union Treaty / Soviet Sovereign Republics

propozed the new ussr, Attempt to reorganize USSR, never went into place, people chose independence over a new ussr

August Coup

Failed → USSR collapses,

Commonwealth of Independent States

Former Soviet republics alliance, talk about and monitor reforms and changes/what haopppening in politics and economy.

Russian Federation

New Russia after USSR,

START II

Further nuclear reductions, nuclear warheads, and banned multiple-warhead intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs). Signed by the US and Russia, it was never fully implemented.

Stagnation

"Breznevian" Stagnation - economic and social

Russia Foreign Policy

1970s-attempt to normalize relations between Germany & Warsaw Pact. Ease tensions through detente, military spending - nukes, space, navy. Supported left wing revolutionary movements, latine america, SE Asia, Africa.

Arab-Isreal Conflict

- Ruled by the Ottoman Empire 1516-1919

- Zionist movement, late 1800s, more jews back to isreal

- Balfour Declaration, Britain supported a homeland for Jews

- British Mandate, 1919-1947,

-Churchill White paper-1922, supported calm Palestinian worries about losing rights

Jewish migration - especially post WWII, a lot of migration

1988 geneva Accords

Mujahideen/USSR, soviet troops would get out in a year, free/fair elections in Afghanistan - never did

Consequences of the Afhanistan invasion

Afghanistand: 1 ,illion killed and 6 million refugees, increased tribal divisios, civil war 1992-1996 - result, extremist power (taliban), very descriminitory, agasint women, no chools, burkas, no media.

USSR: 15k dead, accelerated decline

Cold war: increased tensions

Rise of islamic terroris: Al Qaeda/osama bin Laden

algeiers accord

negotiated the release of 52 hostages (Algeria - mediator)