Lesson 4

Germany

Despite the terms of the Treaty of Versailles, which country rearmed itself during the interwar years, largely as a response to radical political ideologies that glorified violent struggles against enemies?

Germany, Italy, and Japan

Which three countries shared common imperial goals and signed a military alliance with one another in 1939, enlarging the Axis?

Appeasement

What term is used to describe the policy pursued by Western governments that attempted to accommodate and negotiate peace with Germany, Italy, and Japan as they ramped up aggressive military acts?

Chamberlain believed that Germany had a claim to part of Czechoslovakia, arguing that if all Germans were unified in one state, Hitler’s ambitions could be satisfied.

How did Great Britain’s Neville Chamberlain demonstrate the policy of appeasement in action?

Poland

Which nation did both Germany and the Soviet Union occupy starting in 1939 as part of the Hitler-Stalin Pact?

the Vichy regime

What is the name of the French government that collaborated with Hitler in a bid to preserve some of its sovereignty and passed antisemitic laws that helped the Germans crush any resistance?

Winston Churchill

Which British prime minister led a coalition government and inspired and the British public with extraordinary words of courage and defiance against Germany?

Egypt

Which African country experienced a two-year war, pitting British-led soldiers, including Australians, Indians, Poles, and New Zealanders, against German and Italian troops?

Operation Barbarossa

What was the name of the German invasion of the Soviet Union?

Poland’s Home Army

What was the largest underground resistance movement in Europe?

the Soviet Union

The Nazi invasion of which country signaled a turning point in the war, with the Nazis moving from a policy of emigration to an open “war of extermination” in regard to Jews, Slavs, and Marxists?

U.S. president Franklin D. Roosevelt

Who did Jan Karski, a Polish envoy, meet with in July 1943 and describe the mass murder of Jews and other groups hated by Nazis in concentration camps in order to seek an intervention that would stop the killing?

rivalries within the Nazi hierarchy, which led to additional radicalization

Although Hitler’s antisemitic campaigns played a crucial role in bringing about the Holocaust, what was another factor that historians believe caused genocide on a scale previously unknown to humanity?

Antisemitism and nationalism made many Westerners see Jewish Europeans as foreigners and not as members of their national communities.

Why did Western powers, including the United States and Great Britain, not intervene to stop Nazi mass murder in the Holocaust?

6 million

Historians estimate that the Holocaust resulted in the deaths of how many Jews?

Latin America

Which region, which provided raw materials to the Allies, saw a wave of prosperity as a result of total war economies?

the Manhattan Project

Identify the name of the top-secret U.S. plan to build the first atomic bomb that physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer led.

The German commander defied Hitler’s orders and surrendered following massive German and Russian casualties.

Why was Stalingrad considered a turning point in the war on the Eastern Front?

the Soviet Red Army

Which army reached Berlin by the start of May 1945, leading Adolf Hitler to kill himself and the German high command to unconditionally surrender?

Harry Truman

Which U.S. president authorized the use of two atomic bombs against Japan in 1945?

the Soviet Union

Which combatant nation in the Second World War suffered the greatest loss of life?

the Soviet Union and the United States

Which two nations were allies at the end of the Second World War but rapidly formed into opposing imperial blocs after the war?

The USSR believed it had a right to the lands in Eastern Europe it helped liberate. It established “people’s republics” with leaders sympathetic to the Soviets.

Why did Joseph Stalin, leader of the USSR, create “people’s republics” across Eastern Europe?

Tito gained powerful support inside his own nation, with Serbs, Croats, and Muslims supporting his communist regime.

How was Marshall Tito of Yugoslavia able to keep his government independent of Soviet control at the start of the Cold War?

the Truman Doctrine

What is the name of the U.S. declaration promising U.S. economic and military intervention to counter any attempt by the Soviet Union to expand its influence?

The United States provided $13 billion over four years through the Marshall Plan to European nations that planned to resist communism to help those countries with industrial development.

How did Marshall Plan European nations rebuild their economies following the Second World War?

George Kennan

Which U.S. diplomat argued that the United States should adopt a policy of “containment” in regard to communism across Europe and the globe?

Khrushchev was less harsh than Stalin on the Soviet people, releasing thousands of prisoners from Stalin’s prison camps.

Compared to Joseph Stalin’s tenure, why do historians refer to Nikita Khrushchev’s time as leader of the Soviet Union as the “thaw” of the Cold War?

The EEC, or Common Market, sought to abolish trade barriers among its members, which included France, West Germany, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg.

What did the European Economic Community (EEC), established as part of the Treaty of Rome in 1957, do the economies of Western Europe?

free medical care through the National Health Service

In addition to guaranteed public second education and assistance to families, what is another hallmark of the welfare state in Great Britain as described by Clement Atlee?

the Korean War

In which military conflict following the Second World War did the United States act upon its policy of containment?

India

Which was the first and largest colony to win self-government from Great Britain following the Second World War?

Kenya

The Mau Mau rebellion lasted for ten years in which African country that eventually gained independence from Great Britain in 1963?

Modern powers, such as France and other European nations, had to grapple with losing their territorial empires, growing power and influence from nonimperial sources.

How did Algeria’s independence from France in 1962 fundamentally changed what it meant to be a modern power in the twentieth century?

existentialism

What intellectual movement, popularized by writers such as Jean-Paul Sartre and Albert Camus, developed in the wake of the Second World War and argued that meaning in life was not given but created by humans?

totalitarianism

According to Hannah Arendt, a Jewish refugee from Germany, Nazism and Stalinism found two parts of which distinctive, twentieth-century government that destroyed human feeling and the power of resistance in both executioners and victims?

totalitarianism

Stalin’s strategy of building his power through acts of political intimidation, such as mass arrests, deportations to labor camps, and widespread state-sponsored violence and murder, is an example of what form of government?

the Cuban missile crisis

What event raised fears of Armageddon and brought an end to the thawing of the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union in 1962?