MCAT chem/phys

ions move from a higher energy less stable to a lower energy more stable (energy is not created nor destroyed)

1st law of thermodynamics

energy stored in the bonds between atoms and molecules.

chemical potential energy

What is the equation for Work?

W=F x D

What is the equation for the change in potential internal energy

ΔU = final -initial PE

In an electric field, how do electrons travel?

against field lines

What is ohms law?

I=V/R

What is definition of current?

I= Q/t

What is temperature in a mathematical description

measurement of AVG kinetic energy of particles

Average kinetic energy of gas particle equation?

KE= 3/2 RT

Kinetic energy of 1 particle equation

KE= 1/2mv^2

transfer of energy due to temperature differences

heat

What are the 3 types of heat?

conduction, convection, radiation

transfer of energy through molecular collisions from high to low temp

conduction

transfer of energy through the movement of water (fluids) (tranferring heat throughout a room)

convection

transfer of energy through photon emission and absorption

radiation

energy spontaneously disperses from an area of higher temp to a lower by cooling down or heating up to reach equilibrium or entropy increase is favored, so heat will spontaneously be more negative

second law of thermodynamics

What is Q when heat is added to the system?

Q>0

What is Q when heat is leaving the system?

Q<0

What is W when the system does work? (loses energy)

W>0

What is W when work is done on the system? (gains energy)

W<0

What is the equation for the first law of thermodynamics?

ΔU= Q-W

the area of influence where charge is a fundamental property of a particle and generates an electrostatic effect around itself

electric field

What is the equation for electric field given a distance?

E= kq/r^2

in an electric field line, direction indicates ___________ of force on positive test

direction

in an electric field line, density indicates _____ of force on positive chage

magnitude

When there are dense field lines, there will be an ____________ in magnitude

increase

electrostatic force between charges equation?

F= (kq1 x kq2) / r^2

what does joules equal

Newtons per meter

What is the work equation with gravity?

W= F x d x g

what kind of solvent does a liquid- liquid extraction method need?

immiscible

What is an immiscible solvent?

one polar one nonpolar

What are polar solvents?

water, acetone, ethanol, glycerol, propenyl glycol

What are nonpolar solvents?

diethyl ether, chloroform

Methanol has 3 H bonds while water has 4 H bonds. Which one has the higher boiling point?

water

what separation method separates compounds based on size, polarity, charge?

chromatography

What does gas chromatography use?

thermally stable compounds

Is there slow or fast eluting with a small Rf?

slow eluting

The stationary phase will always be of what charge?

negative

a separation method where boiling points are used to separate with at least 25 degree difference

simple distillation

a separation method where a strip is dipped in a mobile solvent, and the color will migrate up if more organic compounds are present

paper chromatography

What polarity is the stationary phase in paper chromatography?

polar

a separation method similar to paper chromatography, but with better separation and rigid support

TLC

What is the equation for the retention factor?

Rf= distance traveled by molecule/ distance traveled by solvent

A separation method that switches so the stationary phase is nonpolar and the mobile phase is polar?

reverse phase chromatography

a separation technique where compounds are separated using a liquid mobile phase and a solid stationary phase based on polarity

column chromatography

A separation technique that separates vaporized compounds using an inert gas as the mobile phase based on their boiling points and interactions with the stationary phase.

gas chromatography

a separation technique that uses antibodies and their affinities for different shapes of proteins, which will create a unique tertiary fold

affinity chromatography

What are the qualities of the Anion in ion exchange chromatography?

Anion will bind negatively, has carboxylic acid binding, and pH above the PI of the molecule

What are the qualities of the cation in ion exchange chromatography?

bind positive, has amine binding, has a pH below the PI of the molecule

are protons or electrons more easily manipulated and why?

electrons bc smaller in size

What is the equation for electrostatic potential energy?

U= k(q1q2)/r or U=qV

What is the electrostatic force equation?

F= k(q1q2)/r^2

What is the electric potential equation?

V=kQ/r or V= u/q

What is the gravitational force equation?

F = G(m1 x m2)/r²

Electric field equation with only force and charge?

E= F/q

electric potential energy equation

U=kqQ/r

nearby like charges have ________ PE

increased PE

nearby different charges have ________ PE

decreased PE

What is the equation for voltage using charge and distance?

V=KQ/r

electrons that move closer to proton rings are

emitting energy

electrons that are moving away from the proton rings are

gaining energy

a reaction in a galvanic cell is ________ and _______________

spontaneous and positive cell potential

what is the equation for the voltage of an electrochemical cell?

Ecell= E-cathode - E-anode

allows ions to flow between the two half-cells to keep the circuit balanced, prevent charge buildup, and without it, reactions would stop

salt bridge

In a galvanic cell, copper pulls more strongly on electrons than ____ does

zinc

what is reduction potential measured in?

volts

a reaction is spontaneous when ΔG is

ΔG < 0, E cell is positive

galvanic cells always go towards ________ end of battery

positive

electrons always move from ______ to ______ in a galvanic cell

anode (-) to cathode (+ )

cell potential in an electrolytic cell is ______________

negative

an electrolytic cell is _______________

nonspontaneous, positive ΔG, negative E cell

electrons always move from __________ to _______________ in an electrolytic cell

anode (+) to cathode (-)

movement of positive charges

current

eletric potential energy at a location of standard amount of charge

voltage

what are mostly metls and at longer length have more resustance, but at longer cross width have less resistance

conductors

What is the resistance equation

Resistance = p(rho) x L/A

Adding resistors in _____ increases overall resistance of pathway

series

adding resistors in _____ decreases overall resistance of pathway

parallel

an increased resistance will result in a lower _______ in a series circuit

current

an increased resistance will result in a higher _______ in a parallel circuit

current

equation for resistors in parallel?

1/R= 1/R1 + 1/R2....

equation for resistors in series?

R1 + R2+ R3

capacitance equation?

C=Q/V

adding capacitators in parellel will store more charge and ______ capacitance

increase

removing products and adding reactants will

shift to right

add products and remove reactants

shift to left

an increase in pressure will

shift to side with less moles of gas

a decrease in pressure will

shift to side with more moles of gas

a ______ can only speed up the rate of a reaction by decreasing activation energy

catalyst

when will gravitational energy increase?

moving farther away

What is the only thing that can increase or decrease ΔG?

change in concentration of substrates

a converging lens is a _______________ lens

convex

A diverging lens is a _____________ lens

concave

A diverging lens is always

virtual, upright, small

In a converging lens when do>2f then

real, inverted, smaller

In a converging lens when do= 2f then

real, inverted, same

in a converging lens when f< dO < 2f then

real, inverted, bigger

in a converging lens when dO < F then

virtual, upright, magnified

benzene rings are _______

hydrophobic

silica gel is _____

polar