Infancy & Toddlerhood

What is Erikson's first psychosocial stage?

Basic Trust vs. Mistrust.

When does Basic Trust vs. Mistrust occur?

During the first year of life.

What virtue develops from successfully resolving Basic Trust vs. Mistrust?

Hope.

How does an infant develop trust?

Through sensitive, responsive caregiving that consistently meets needs.

What happens if Basic Trust vs. Mistrust is resolved positively?

The infant views the world as safe, predictable, and trustworthy.

What happens if Basic Trust vs. Mistrust is resolved negatively?

The infant develops mistrust and may become withdrawn and less confident exploring the environment.

What is Erikson's second psychosocial stage?

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt.

When does Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt occur?

Toddlerhood.

What virtue develops from successfully resolving Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt?

Will.

How is autonomy encouraged?

By allowing reasonable choices and supporting independence.

What causes shame and doubt?

Overly controlling, critical, or unsupportive parenting.

What are basic emotions?

Universal emotions that appear early in life and have evolutionary value.

What are the basic emotions?

Happiness, interest, surprise, fear, anger, sadness, and disgust.

Do newborns show full emotional expressions?

No. They initially show attraction to pleasant stimulation and withdrawal from unpleasant stimulation.

How do caregivers help emotional development?

Through sensitive and contingent communication that shapes emotional expressions.

What is a social smile?

A smile directed at another person in response to social interaction.

When does the social smile appear?

Around 6-10 weeks.

When does laughter first appear?

Around 3-4 months.

What is the developmental significance of laughter?

It strengthens parent-child bonds and social interaction.

By the end of the first year, what does smiling become?

A deliberate social signal.

What is attachment?

A deep and enduring emotional bond between two people.

Why is attachment important?

It provides security and forms the foundation for later relationships.

Who emphasized feeding as the basis of attachment?

Freud.

Who challenged Freud's feeding explanation with monkey experiments?

Harry Harlow

What did Harlow's monkey studies show?

Comfort and contact are more important than feeding alone for attachment.

How does learning theory explain attachment?

Through classical and operant conditioning.

How does classical conditioning explain attachment?

The caregiver becomes associated with satisfying needs such as hunger.

How does operant conditioning explain attachment?

Infant behaviors like crying and smiling are reinforced by caregiver responses.

How does the cognitive-developmental perspective explain attachment?

Attachment develops as infants distinguish familiar people and understand object permanence.

What is Bowlby's Ethological Theory?

Attachment is an evolved survival mechanism that keeps caregivers close to infants.

Who influenced Bowlby's theory?

Konrad Lorenz and his work on imprinting.

According to Bowlby, why did attachment evolve?

To increase infant survival by maintaining proximity to caregivers.

What does attachment quality influence later in life?

Feelings of security and the ability to form trusting relationships.

What is the preattachment phase?

The first phase of attachment development.

When does the preattachment phase occur?

Birth to approximately 6 weeks.

What behaviors characterize the preattachment phase?

Grasping, crying, smiling, and gazing.

Can infants distinguish their mother during the preattachment phase?

Yes, by smell, voice, and face.

Do infants show stranger anxiety during the preattachment phase?

No.

What is the attachment-in-the-making phase?

The second phase of attachment development.

When does attachment-in-the-making occur?

Approximately 6 weeks to 6-8 months.

What develops during attachment-in-the-making?

A sense of trust that the caregiver will respond.

Do infants protest separation during attachment-in-the-making?

No.

What is the clear-cut attachment phase?

The stage when attachment becomes strong and obvious.

When does the clear-cut attachment phase occur?

About 6-8 months to 18 months-2 years.

What is separation anxiety?

Distress when separated from the primary caregiver.

Why does separation anxiety appear?

Because infants have formed a strong attachment and understand caregiver absence.

What is a secure base?

The caregiver serves as a source of safety from which the infant can explore.

What behaviors occur during the clear-cut attachment phase?

Following, approaching, climbing on, and seeking proximity to the caregiver.

What is the formation of a reciprocal relationship phase?

The final phase of attachment development.

When does the reciprocal relationship phase begin?

Around 18 months to 2 years.

Why does separation anxiety decline in this phase?

Because language and mental representation improve.

How do toddlers interact with caregivers in the reciprocal relationship phase?

They negotiate, persuade, and communicate their needs.

What is object permanence?

Understanding that people and objects continue to exist when out of sight.

Why is object permanence important for attachment?

It allows infants to realize caregivers still exist even when absent.

What is separation anxiety?

Fear or distress when separated from an attachment figure.

During which attachment phase is separation anxiety strongest?

The clear-cut attachment phase.

What is a secure attachment according to Bowlby?

A relationship in which the caregiver serves as a reliable source of comfort and security.

What is the evolutionary significance of attachment?

It promotes survival by keeping infants close to protective adults.

What is the connection between attachment and later relationships?

Early attachment experiences contribute to internal expectations about trust and relationships.

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