w/o pics APHUG Unit 2 Concepts

Agricultural density

The number of farmers per unit of arable land; used to measure development and agricultural efficiency

Natural increase rate

The percentage by which a population grows in a year, calculated by subtracting the crude death rate from the crude birth rate

Epidemiologic transition model

A model that explains changes in population health and causes of death as societies develop

Arithmetic density

The total number of people divided by the total land area; a general measure of population density

Crude birth rate

The number of live births per 1,000 people in a given year

Population pyramid

A bar graph showing the age and sex distribution of a population, which can indicate growth trends and social conditions

Census

An official count of a population, including demographic data such as age, gender, occupation, typically conducted every 10 years

Demography

The scientific study of population characteristics including size, distribution, and trends

Ecumene

The portion of Earth's surface that is permanently inhabited by humans

Infant mortality rate

The number of deaths of infants under 1 year of age per 1,000 live births

Demographic transition model

A model showing how population growth changes over time as a country develops, through 5 stages based on birth and death rates

Carrying capacity

The maximum number of people that an environment can sustainably support without degrading resources

Overpopulation

A situation where the population exceeds the environment's ability to support it with adequate resources

pandemic

A disease outbreak that spreads over a large geographic area and affects a high proportion of the population

Total fertility rate

The average number of children a women is expected to have in her lifetime in a given population

Physiological density

The number of people per unit of arable land

Life expectancy

The average number of years a person is expected to live based on current mortality trends

Thomas Malthus

A British economist who theorized that population growth would outpace food supply, leading to widespread famine and conflict unless controlled

Pro-natal policy

A government policy that encourages people to have more children

Anti-natal policy

A government policy aimed at reducing birth rates

Doubling time

The number of years it takes for a population to double in size at its current rate of natural increase

Zero population growth

A condition in which the birth rate equals the death rate, resulting in no natural increase in population

Asylum

Protection granted to someone who has left their home country as a political refugee, fearing persecution based on race, religion, nationality, or political opinion

Lee's Model of Migration

A model that explains migration as influenced by push factors, pull factors, and intervening obstacles

Quota

A limit set by a government on the number of immigrants allowed into a country during a specific time period

Brain drain

The emigration of highly trained or intelligent people from a country, often for better opportunities abroad

Migrant

A person who moves from one place to another, either within a country or across borders, for any reason

Ravenstein's Laws of Migration

A set of theories from geographer Ernst Ravenstein that describe typical migration patterns

Chain migration

The process by which migrants from a particular area follow others from that area to a particular destination, often due to familial or cultural connections

Net-in migration

When more people are immigrating into a country than emigrating out of it

Refugee

A person who is forced to flee their home country due to war, persecution, or disaster, and seeks protection in another country

Forced migration

Migration that is compelled by threats to life or freedoms, such as war, natural disasters, or human rights violations

Net-out migration

When more people are emigrating from a country than immigrating into it

Transhumance

A seasonal form of migration in which people move livestock between mountain and lowland pastures

Guest worker

A person who temporarily migrates to another country for work, often under a legal work visa or program

Pull-factor

A positive condition or perception that attracts people to a new location

Voluntary migration

When people choose to move, usually for economic or personal reasons, not because they are forced

Internally displaced person

Someone forced to leave their home but remains within their country's borders

Push-factor

A negative condition that drives people to leave their home (e.g., war, poverty, natural disaster)

Zelinsky's Migration Transition Model

A model that links migration patterns to a country's stage in the DTM, showing how migration shifts as societies develop