Anatomy and Physiology 1 Exam 2

Name the 4 classifications of bones.

Long bone, Irregular bone, Flat bone, & Short bone

What are the ends of a long bone called?

Epiphyses

What is the shaft of a long bone called?

Diaphysis

Name the canal in the middle of a long bone.

Medullary Cavity

Hair-like canals radiating from lacunae which connects lacunae to each other and the central canal.

Canaliculi

The center of each osteon which contains blood vessels and nerves.

Central (Haversian) Canal

Located at the junctions of lamellae, these contain osteocytes.

Lacunae

These are concentric tubes of the osteon. Each adjacent lamellae contains collagen fibers that run in opposite directions. This resists twisting and withstands stress. They are the matrix of bones.

Lamellae

These are bone forming cells that secrete bone matrix (lamellae).

Osteoblast

These are giant multinucleated cells that reabsorb bones.

Osteoclast

These are former osteoblasts that become surrounded by the matrix. They monitor and maintain bone matrix and communicate with osteoblasts and osteoclasts.

Osteocyte

These are tiny weight bearing pillars. One osteon = one group of hollow tubes, one inside another (concentric).

Osteon

These are at right angles to the central canal and connect blood vessels and nerves of the central canal to the medullary cavity (hollow part of the bone that contains the bone marrow).

Perforating (Volkmann’s) Canal

These are stem cells that are actively mitotic in the periosteum. The daughter cells will differentiate into osteoblasts.

Osetoprogenitor Stem Cells

Name the two types of bone development and be able to identify which bones in the body development by which type.

Intramembranous Ossification(Skull bones & Clavicles) & Endochondral Ossification(All bones except Skull bones & Clavicles)

What does appositional growth of a bone refer to?

Width

What is bone remodeling?

Maintains the bone structure as it is growing

What cells are the remodeling unit teams?

Osteoclasts, Osteoblasts, & Osteocytes

What are the two means by which bone remodeling is regulated?

Blood calcium negative feedback loop & response to changes in stress

Name the type of bone fracture where the bone pierces the skin.

Open Fracture

What is it called when the bone does not pierce the skin?

Closed Fracture

What is a greenstick fracture, and when is the time in a person’s life this type of fracture can occur?

An incomplete fracture where one side of the bone breaks and the other bends. Occurs in children whose bones have not fully ossified.

Name the type of fracture that is caused by excessive twisting.

Spiral

Name the 4 steps to bone repair following a fracture.

1. Hematoma

2. Fibrocartilaginous Cells

3. Fibrocartilaginous callus converts to bone

4. Remodeling occurs, bone shape is restored

How long does bone repair take?

Several months

The 3 classifications of joints, based on structure, are fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial. Describe a synovial joint and name what is contained in its cavity.

A synovial joint is a freely movable joint with a space between the bones. Its cavity contains synovial fluid, which lubricates the joint and reduces friction.

Identify the types of synovial joints and give examples.

1. Pivot joint(b/w vertebrae)

2. Ball and socket joint(b/w hip+femur)

3. Hinge joint(b/w humerus+ulna)

4. Condyloid joint(b/w metacarpal+phalanx)

5. Saddle joint(b/w metacarpal+carpal)

6. Plane joint(b/w tarsals)

What are the 3 classifications of joints based on joint movement?

Synarthroses, Amphiarthrosis, & Diarthroses.

Which is immovable?

Synarthroses

Which is slightly moveable?

Amphiarthrosis

Which is freely moveable?

Diarthroses

All ball and socket synovial joints are which type of joint based on joint movement?

Diarthroses

Bones store

calcium and fat