Pathophysiology (Endocrine System)

Exocrine

what type of gland is described as sweat or digestive enzymes

Insulin

what is released from beta cells

Glucagon

what is released from alpha cells

Insulin

what is the drug that aids in the transport of glucose out of the blood and into the body cells

Glycogenolysis

what is the process of stored glycogen converted into blood glucose called?

Gluconeogenesis

what is the process of proteins and fats turned into blood glucose

liver and muscle cells

what are the two places that glycogenesis is seen

Glucagon

what is the drug that increases the blood glucose levels

Type 1

what is the type of diabetes where the beta cells in the islets are destroyed

Type 2

what is the more common type of diabetes that is r/t obesity

Diabetic Keotacidosis

what is it called when the cells must metabolize proteins/fats for energy

Fruity breath, abd pain, N/V, Kussmaul respirations,

what are the four S&S of Diabetic Ketoacidosis

Polyuria, Polydipsia, Polyphagia, weight loss, glycosuria, fatigue, weakness,

what are the seven S&S's of hyperglycemia?

Somogyi Phenomenon

what is rebound hyperglycemia in the morning after hypoglycemia at night

Dawn Phenomenon

what is hyperglycemia in the morning without the drop at night

Headache, irritability, sweating, tachycardia, increased HR/BP, restlessness, excessive hunger, dizziness

what are the 9 S&S's of Hypoglycemia

Diabetes

what is the #1 cause of dialysis in America

Anterior pituitary

which part of the pituitary gland releases/inhibits factors control release and place where hormones are made here

Posterior pituitary

which part of the pituitary gland stores the hormones made in the hypothalamus

Melanocyte Stimulating hormone

what is the hormone that increases skin pigmentation and is stimulated by increased ACTH release

ACTH, FSH, LH, Prolactin, TSH, GH

what are the six anterior pituitary hormones

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

what is the hormone that stimulates the release of hormones from the adrenal cortex such as MSH and cortisol

Follicle-stimulating hormone

what is used for follicle development and secretion of estrogen by ovary and sperm production in men

Luteinizing hormone

what causes ovulation of ova and begins about two weeks before the menstrual cycle

Prolactin

what is the hormone that is a key part of breast development and lactation

Galactorrhea

what is it called when there are excessive levels of prolactin

Thyroid stimulating hormone

what is the hormone that stimulates the thyroid production of T3/T4

Growth Hormone

what is hormone that plays a part in the growth of all body cells

ADH, Oxytocin

what are the two hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary

ADH

what is the hormone that pulls or reabsorbs fluid out of the urine, expanding blood volume

high blood osmolality

what is ADH triggered by?

SIADH, DI

what are the two problems that can occur from a problem in relation to ADH

Oxytocin

what is the hormone that plays a key part in uterine contraction, ejection of milk in lactation, and ejaculation in men

on top of the kidneys

where are the adrenal glands located?

cortex and medulla

what are the 2 layers of the adrenal glands

Mineralocorticoids, Glucocorticoids, Androgens

what are the three groups of corticosteroids in the body

Aldosterone

what is the main mineralocorticoid

Na+ and H2O

what are two things that aldosterone causes the body to reabsorb back into the blood

HTN, Hypernatremia, Hypokalemia

what are the three things that Conn syndrome can cause?

Cortisol

what is major glucocorticoid

ACTH

what are mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids triggered by?

cortisol

what is the hormone that helps the body respond to chronic stress?

gluconeogenesis

what does cortisol stimulate?

male secondary sex characteristics, libido, sperm production

what are the three major jobs of testosterone

Cushing's disease

what is a disease that is defined by an increased level of glucocorticoid

Increased BG, Infection, Gastric Irritation, HTN

what are the four main S&S of Cushing's disease

increased ACTH, adrenal cortex tumor, or steroid meds

what are the three things that Cushing's syndrome is d/t?

Hirsutism

what is male hair growth called?

Addison's Disease

occurs when the adrenal glands do not produce enough of the hormones cortisol or aldosterone

Adrenal cortex destruction, pituitary tumor, abrupt withdrawal or steroid drugs

What are the three things that Addison's disease is d/t

Decreased BG, hypovolemia, vasodilation, shock, dehydration

what are the five dangerous S&S's of Addison's disease

Replace hormones

what is the treatment for addison's disease

HR, BP, BG, contractility, dilates bronchioles

what are the five things that epinephrine causes

vasoconstriction w/ increased BP

what does Norepinephrine cause

increase BP

why is dopamine given IV?

Pheochromocytoma

what is a benign adrenal medulla tumor that causes excess catecholamines to be released

risk of kidney damage, CVA, HF, Retinopathy

what are the four SEs of pheochromocytoma

Surgical removal and antihypertensives

what are the two treatments for pheochromocytoma

T3/T4, calcitonin

what are the major hormones in the Thyroid

Increased basal metabolic rate

what is the purpose of T3/T4

Catabolism

what is the burning of nutrients for energy called

Anabolism

what is the building up of tissues called?

Calcitonin

what is the hormone that decreases blood calcium levels

Graves disease, Thyroid tumor, Pituitary Tumor

what are the three things that can cause Hyperthyroidism

stress, surgery, infection

what are the three things that can trigger thyrotoxicosis

Altered thyroid gland, Lack of thyroid stimulus

what are the two major causes of hypothyroidism

decreased iodine, TSH, TRH

what are the three things that are decreased, causing a lack of stimulus in the thyroid

Myxedema

what is the severe form of hypothyroidism

Weight gain, cold, decreased HR, constipation, dry/sparse hair, Lethargic

what are the 6 S&S's of Hypothyroidism

Goiter

what is an enlarged thyroid

respiratory distress w/ stridor/dysphagia

a patient with a goiter is at risk for what?

Pineal gland

what is the gland that produces melatonin

congenital MR, decreased growth

what are the two things that hyper and hypothyroidism can cause