forensic anthro final

sexual dimorphism

Differences in physical characteristics between males and females of the same species. also only after puberty

Le Fort Fracture patterns

obstetric dilemma

Hypothesis pertaining to hominin mothers giving birth to a large-brained, large-bodied infant: Owing to the large brain, the birth process requires a wide pelvis, but efficient bipedalism requires a narrow pelvis

phenice technique

a technique used to determine the biological sex of someone, they look at the ventral arc, subpubic cavity, and medial face. visual way of sexing the pubis

an assemblage of bones is brought in for analysis. If both the skull and the pelvis, as well as the bones of the lower limbs are present, which should be used to determine sex, and why?

you have to begin with 50 percent accuracy, usually when the pelvis is available and you can tell if its male or female then you can use that as not every population has the same male and female bone types except for the pelvis.

cranium

the portion of the skull that encloses the brain, crania (neurocarium + splanchocranium)

Neurocranium

top front part of the skull

Splanchocranium

Virgil can not make my pet zebra laugh --> vomer, cronchae, nasal, maxilla, mandible, palatine, zygomatic, lacrimal

Frankfurt Horizontal Plane

the standard head position for taking anthropometric measurements

FORDISC

a computer program that uses statistical methods to estimate sex, ancestry, and stature from skeletal measurements

photographic superposition

points of match up between an actual face and the bone with some soft tissue.

Colles fracture

fracture of the distal radius at the wrist, related to falling and can be distinguished from defense wounds

Antemortem Trauma

Injury to a body that occurs during life like fractures or injuries

Projectile Trauma

things that fly through the air and impacts with bones like firearm or arrows, spears or explosives, gas canisters

non metric traits

These characteristic(s) is/are discovered through observation, hereditary and can tell someone about the ancestry of someone. skeletal variants.

like frontal sinus shape

orbital opening shape

cheek bone shape

cranial variants

jaw variations

periostitis

inflammation of the periosteum or the covering that surrounds the bone. also known as shin splints

discuss an age of death method paper that is not yours

Gustafson Age determination on Teeth

- This method uses teeth, usually single rooted teeth to determine age, the

method deals with roots so it is used on adults

- To determine the age, they use a formula. This formula is PV= An + Pn +

Sn + Cn + Rn + Tn

- A: Attrition which is wear on the biting surface of the teeth

through use

- P: Periodontosis which is loss of tooth usually due to disease

- S: Secondary Dentin: is a layer of dentin that surrounds the pulp

cavity

- C: Cementum Apposition is continuous deposition of the

connective tissue on the tooth

- R: Root Reabsorption is dissolving of the root tip, making it blunt

- T: Transparency of Root is dehydrating the tooth with alcohol and

having a visible transparency of the root

summary of discuss an age of death method that is not yours

Tooth histology (the Gustafson Method)

○ This method is used to estimate the age of the person by observing the

chinese within the teeth physiologically. This is done by examining the

premolar and canine due to the root analysis aspect of it. The

observations include 6 attributes → paradentosis, attrition, cementum

formation, secondary dentin formation, root reabsorption and root

transparency. After the tooth is attributes, the sum of the points are added

up and plugged into the age estimation equation → 11.43 +4.56(total

score)

describe three problems related to recovery and attribution of juvenile remains

- not many juvenile remains are available to study and there is not much training

- recovery of all the skeletal material is difficult since they have multiple centers of oscillation

- smaller bones have a higher rate of decomp

- pelvis not developed, may look female

which Romanov family members were missing

their son Alexei (13 male) and daughter Anastasia (17-19 female)

what are the two aspects of taphonomy for these newly discovered skeletal remains

bodies were burned so that there would e no evidence, they could have also used sulfuric acid to dissolve the bodies

what is the indicvisuals sex?

male pelvis is more narrow and the sacrum are more down

what are the steps to recreating faces

prep a replica, add in fake eyes and muscles then add skin like features and then make sure the model is accurate

How do you distinguish between signs of antemortem trauma and perimortem trauma on a bone showing injury? How do these differ from signs of postmortem breakage

Antemortem shows signs of healing like rounded edges and bone callus's which the shows that the injury happened before the persons death but perimortem is fresh wounds that happen at the time of death which are due to angled breaks or

edges that match the color of surrounding bone

This is different from postmortem because that is bone damage after death where the bone breaks in half easily and disintegrating bones

describe the process of fracture repair in bones. Why is knowledge of this process useful to forensic anthropologists?

1) bone breaks

2) hematoma

3) periosteum produces callus

4) mineralized bone into the callus spot

5) bone shapes to model the og bone

How do you distinguish between the damage to a human skull caused by a handgun, a shotgun, and a rifle?

Handgun: small so not a lot of force, one small bullet hole

rifle: lots of force, shattering bone

shotgun: lots of tiny bullet holes

ow do you distinguish between an entry wound and an exit wound produced by a bullet? What does the shape of the entry wound indicate?

The entry wound is usually small while the exit wound is usually bigger.

● The type of shape and what it indicates

○ Round shape: head on bullet

○ Oval shape: bullet wound shot at an angle

○ Keyhole shape: shallow angle of the bullet that hit a bone before entering

○ Star shape: contact wound which means the firearm was pressed directly to their body

Why is it often difficult to determine the instrument used to produce blunt force trauma?

Different objects create the same generic wound or crashes due to patterns, so it would be hard to determine what object was used. you can determine the shape of the object but the size is impossible.

Define trauma and name three possible traumas

trauma is a injury caused by an external force on the persons body. the three types are, interpersonal trauma, occupation and environmental trauma

if race is a social construct then why are American forensic anthropologists using it to identify people and why is this problamatic?

there is physical, cultural and class variation. but it is important to know certain features that may define a certain race as it provides an outline for what they are looking for. this is also problematic because of immigration as people immigrate they move to different places, and some people have mixed features.

northern American human skull

a move uplifted condensed shape of the skull, raised cheekbones

west african skull

long back of the gead, wide skull, the face is less elongated than northand the nose is more open

native american

jaw is very big, the head is smaller than that of north American but way wider and mid line cheek bones

distinguishing features for sample skulls

- shape of nasal bones

- shape pf nasal aperture

- angle of mandible flare

- shape of zygomatic molars

- shape of parietals

- shape of eye orbitals

- presentence of meropid suture

- extra sutural bones in lambdoidal suture

how do the baubert styandards expand upon the requirments for expert testimony proposed by the frye test?

Describe the ethical responsibilites of forensic anthropolgits

what are human rights? what role do forensic anthropologists play in human rights

the Frye test is used to determine the generally accepted scientific evidence used in court.

respect boundaries

ethical and pressure for advocacy

it needs to follow this

- be testable

- has been through peer review

- has established standards

- have a known error rate

- widespread acceptance

what are human rights? and what role do forensic anthropologists play in human rights?

- identify the dead (humanitarian)

- provide an objective view on scientific reconstruction

- collect evidence used in court

- community/family based

- international courts and human rights groups

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