PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT UNIT 2

what are the phases of the descriptive-predictive approach? 4 pts

phase 1: first data collection

phase 2: formulation of hypothesis and deduction of suportable statements

phase 3: contrasting-testing of hypothesis

phase 4: communication of results

correlational- considered as the traditional approach (description only)

what are the phases of the intervention-evaluation approach? 3 pts

phase 5: treatment plan and its evaluation

phase 6: treatment→ design, administration, continous evaluation if applicable

phase 7: evaluation and follow-up

experimenta;- considered as behavioral (intervention and change)

Hypothesis vs prediction: hypothesis characteristics? 4 pts

1. a hypothesis is a testable idea that leads to an experiment

2. based on a hypothesis one can create a prediction

3. a hypotheis will enable predictions through the act of deductive reasoning

4. an example “test anxiety decreases as a result of effective study habits”

Hypothesis vs prediction: prediction characteristics? 4 pts

1. a prediction is a logical statement about what will happen is the hypothesis is correct

2. a predcition is a statement about something that might happen in the future based on the existing evidence or observations

3. the prediction is the outcome that can be observed if the hypothesis were supported by the experiment

4. an example “students who experience test anxiety prior to an english exam will get higher scored than students who do not experience test anxiety”

phase 1: first data collection 5 pts

1. specify the demand/request- reasons for consultation/behaviors to modify

2. set objectives/aims about the case and consider the necessity to adjust expectations

3. establish the potentially relevant historical and current conditions

4. ethics

5. inform the client about the process, that collaboration is needed, confidentiality

inductive method vs deductive method? 6 pts

A. inductive:

1. from specific experiences to the generalisation

2. uncertainty about the conclusions

B. deductive:

1. from general to specific

2. based on logical principles and inference rules

3. correct application of those rules

4. final aim is to ensure validity of the deductions

phase 2: formulation of hypothesis and deduction of contrastable statements 2 pts

1. this phase is carried out based on the observations and information received from the patient

2. involves the hypothesis formulation stage and the deduction of verifiable statements stage

what is hypothesis formulation? 1 pt

1. based on the observations that the psychologist makes and the combination of these observations with the general and specific knowledge they have

an inductive process

what is deduction of contrastable statements? 1 pt

1. selection of instruments to operationalize and measure each of the variables present in each of the hypotheses formulated

phase 2: stage 1 formulation of hypothesis 2 pts

1. consists of establishing theories about the case based on the reliability and validity of the data collected about the subject and its circumstances and the amount of knowleedge that the evaluator has about psychological functions

2. inductive process that raises assumptions

four types of assumptions or inductive hypotheses? 4 pts

1. quantification- assumptiion aimed to verify the frequency with which a particular behavior occurs

2. similarity- assumptions based on the idea that the criteria previously established to place a behavior in a category are met

3. predictive association- assumption that allows us to hypothesize to what extent the behaviors studied are associated with other behaviors allowing us to establish predictions based on empirically proven associations

4. functional/explanatory relationship- It is the assumption that a behavior can be explained by a causal relationship with another variable, which is verified through experimental testing after a predictive association has been established.

phase 2: stage 2 deduction of contrastable statements 2 pts

1. a deductive process that raises verifiable deductions that include decision making about what instruments/toold to utilise to measure each of the variables present in the hypothesis formulated

2. necessary to do an analysis of relevant variables associated with the problem and the selection of techniques or instruments

phase 3: contrasting 6 pts

1. preparation of material

2. preparation of the applicant

3. administration of the procedures to collect info

4. correction.assessment, and analysis of the info obtained

5. discussion of results

6. drawing conclusions

phase 4: final report 2 pts

1. verify that hypotheses and statements raised in phase 2 have responded to the objectives and goals proposed in the first phase

2. verbal and written feedback (diagnosis and planning of actions)

phase 5: treatment plan and evaluation 2 pts

1. establish the functional assumptions about the case- formulation of model, selection of IVs and DVs

2. deduction of verifiable predictions- selection of the measurements of the DV that will be the treatment objectives, selection of IV measures, treatment selection, selection of a valuation design

phase 6: treatment 2 pts

1. design intervention and assessment through which the hypotheses will be tested and the treatment evaluated

2. selection and application of assessment techniques and control of possible intervening and contaminating variables

phase 7: evaluation and follow-up 4 pts

1. new evaluation of problem behaviors in order to check if therapeutic goals have been reached

2. the test to check whether the data support the hypotheses initially formulated

3. if the treatment has been effective

4. communication of results