10 p1

Emotions

Feelings which motivate, organise and guide perception

Motivational

Guide behavioural response

Acts as a regulator

Function of emotions in managing responses

Mood

Low intensity, diffuse, and relatively enduring affective states without a salient antecedent cause and therefore little cognitive content (Forgas & George, 2001, p.5)

Affect

General label for both emotion and mood

What are forms of communication?

Methods used to express current feelings, needs, and desires.

How do forms of communication help in conflict?

They are used to regulate conflict by facilitating understanding and resolution.

What is an early means of gaining control over the environment?

Forms of communication serve as an early means of gaining control over one's environment.

What role do emotions play in communication?

Emotions are produced and recognized through communication, influencing interactions.

What are the two broad types of emotions in infants?

The two broad types of emotions in infants are basic or primary emotions and self-conscious emotions.

How are emotions and cognitive development related?

Emotions and their development are completely tied to cognitive development.

What is self-knowledge in the context of emotional development?

Self-knowledge, or metarepresentation, is important in the development of emotions.

What are basic or primary emotions?

Basic or primary emotions are the set of discrete emotions that an infant exhibits, which are limited in number.

What are self-conscious emotions?

Self-conscious emotions are emotions that require self-awareness and the ability to reflect on oneself in relation to others.

What emotions are present within the first six months of life?

Joy, sadness, disgust, anger, fearfulness, and surprise

What does an infant show at birth in terms of emotional life?

A bipolar emotional life

What is general distress in infants marked by?

Crying and irritability

What indicates pleasure in infants?

Satiation, attention, and responsivity to the environment

What emotions emerge by 3 months in infants?

Joy and sadness

What behavior do infants show by 3 months?

They start to smile and show excitement/happiness

What is the nature of smiling in infants after 2 months?

It is not reflective and is related to joy and happiness

When does sadness emerge in infants?

Especially around the withdrawal of positive stimulus events

What primitive form of disgust appears in infants?

Spitting out

When does anger emerge in infants?

Between 4 and 6 months

What knowledge must be available for means-ends behavior in infants?

Means-ends knowledge

What ability is needed for fearfulness in infants?

The capability to compare the event that causes fearfulness with another event

What ability should be present for infants to compare events?

Comparison ability

What cognition is acquired in the middle of the second year?

Cognition related to self-consciousness

At what age do children show all of the basic emotions?

8-9 months

Is there a dissociation between emotional state and emotional experience in infants?

Yes

When does the ability to experience primary emotions exist in children?

When the child is capable of consciousness

What emerges alongside consciousness?

Empathy, jealousy, and exposure embarrassment.

What did Bischof-Kohler (1991) find about empathy in infants?

Infants show empathy only after they can recognize themselves in the mirror.

How do infants demonstrate empathy according to Bischof-Kohler?

Through facial expressions and actions, such as tapping someone on the back.

What is necessary for jealousy to develop?

Consciousness is needed to want for oneself what someone else has.

Exposure embarrassment

There is no negative evaluation of the self in regard to standards or rules.

Example of exposure embarrassment

Compliments, being looked at, and being pointed at.

Evaluative embarrassment

Closely related to shame but less in intensity.

Physical response to evaluative embarrassment

The body reflects an ambivalent approach and avoidant posture.

Cognitive Skills

Depends on the following cognitive skills: Have to have absorbed a set of standards, rules and goals.

Sense of Self

Have to have a sense of self.

Self-Evaluation

Have to be able to evaluate the self with regard to those standards, rules and goals.

Determination of Success

Then make a determination of success or failure.

What factors influence a child's attribution of events?

The situation and the child's own characteristics.

How do boys and girls differ in attributing success and failure?

Boys are more likely to hold themselves responsible for their success and others for their failures, while girls tend to do the opposite.

What is the final evaluation step in a child's attribution process?

The child determines whether success is global or specific.

Shame

Results when a child judges her actions as a failure in regard to her standards, rules and goals.

Global Attribution

Occurs when a child makes a broad judgment about herself based on a specific event.

Negative State of Shame

A highly negative and painful state that causes confusion in thought and an inability to speak.

Body Posture in Shame

Characterized by shrinking, as if to disappear from the eye of the self and others.

Production of Shame

Produced by an interpretation of an event.

What arises from a specific attribution?

Guilt

What does the cognitive attributional process focus on?

The action of the self and not the totality of the self

How does the feeling of guilt compare to shame?

The feeling produced is less intense than shame

What does guilt not lead to?

Confusion and loss of action

How does body posture change when feeling guilt?

Move in space as if trying to repair the action

Emotional expression

The outward display of feelings and emotions through verbal and non-verbal communication.

Regulation of emotional experience

The ability to manage and influence one's emotional responses to various situations.

Emotional understanding

The capacity to recognize and comprehend one's own emotions and those of others.

Emotional recognition

The skill of identifying and interpreting emotional cues in oneself and others.

Emotional intelligence

The ability to perceive, control, and evaluate emotions effectively in oneself and in relationships.

Empathy

The ability to understand and share the feelings of another person.

Emotional resilience

The ability to adapt to stressful situations and recover from emotional setbacks.

Emotional awareness

The conscious recognition of one's own emotional state and its impact on thoughts and behavior.

Non-verbal communication

The transmission of messages or information without the use of words, often through body language and facial expressions.

Emotional contagion

The phenomenon where one person's emotions and related behaviors directly trigger similar emotions and behaviors in others.

What are the processes involved in emotional regulation?

The processes involved in emotional regulation include initiating, maintaining, and altering emotional responses.

What influences emotional regulation skills?

Emotional regulation skills are influenced by an infant's temperament and the caregiver's behavior and beliefs about emotions.

What is the role of an infant's temperament in emotional regulation?

An infant's temperament can affect how they initiate, maintain, and alter their emotional responses.

How do caregiver beliefs impact emotional regulation?

Caregiver beliefs about emotions can shape their behavior, which in turn influences the emotional regulation skills of the infant.

What are the key components of emotional regulation?

The key components of emotional regulation include the ability to recognize emotions, manage emotional responses, and adapt emotional expressions based on context.

Emotionally

Reducing feeling of being anxious

Cognitively

Convincing themselves there is nothing to be anxious about

Behaviourally

Smiling to make themselves less anxious

What mediates psychosocial outcomes in adolescents?

Affective self-regulatory efficacy

What was the age range of adolescents in the longitudinal study by Bandura (1997)?

14 to 19 years at Time 1 and 16 to 21 at Time 2

How does a high sense of empathic self-efficacy affect adolescents?

They are more prosocial.

How does emotional regulation change with age in older individuals?

It improves.

What type of emotions do older individuals prefer?

Low arousal emotions over high arousal emotions.

What is the trend in emotional well-being as people age?

Emotional well-being increases with age.

What theory explains the emotional needs of older adults?

Socioemotional selectivity theory.

What is a key focus of older adults according to socioemotional selectivity theory?

Fulfilling current emotional needs.

What is the effect of age on older adults' attention to information?

Older adults tend to pay more attention to positive information.

How do older adults compare in remembering positive versus negative information?

They better remember positive information.

What priority do older adults place on positive information?

They place more priority on positive information compared to negative information.

Emotional competence

Development of typical patterns of emotional response

What does emotional understanding involve?

Accepting authentic and helpful messages, ignoring real but irrelevant messages, and dealing only with real and relevant messages.

Do early adolescents experience more negative moods than children?

Yes, early adolescents experience more mildly negative moods than children.

What are possible reasons for early adolescents' negative moods?

They experience more negative life events than children and show more contrahedonic behaviors than adults.