AP World Review Quiz 1

The Song Dynasty of China utilized this to maintain and justify its rule

 methods of Confucianism and an imperial bureaucracy

cultural traditions of East Asia

§ Filial piety in East Asia

§ Influence of Neo-Confucianism and Buddhism in East Asia

§ Confucian traditions of both respect for and expected deference from women

§ Chinese literary and scholarly traditions and their spread to Heian Japan and Korea

Branches of Buddhism

§ Theravada

§ Mahayana

§ Tibetan

Technological Innovations

§ Champa rice

§ Transportation innovations, like the Grand Canal expansion

§ Steel and iron production

§ Textiles and porcelains for export

Islam, Judaism, Christianity

the core beliefs and practices of these religions continued to shape societies in Africa and Asia.

As the Abbasid Caliphate fragmented, new Islamic political entities emerged, most of which were dominated by Turkic peoples. These states demonstrated

continuity, innovation, and diversity.

Muslim rule continued to expand to many parts of Afro-Eurasia due to this

 military expansion

Islam subsequently expanded through this

activities of merchants, missionaries, and Sufis.

Muslim states and empires encouraged this

 significant intellectual innovations and transfers.

New Islamic Political Entities

Seljuk Empire

§ Mamluk sultanate of Egypt

§ Delhi sultanates

islamic innovations

§ Advances in mathematics (Nasir al-Din al-Tusi)

§ Advances in literature ('A'ishah al-Ba'uniyyah)

§ Advances in medicine 

Islamic Transfers

§ Preservation and commentaries on Greek moral and natural philosophy

§ House of Wisdom in Abbasid Baghdad

§ Scholarly and cultural transfers in Muslim and Christian Spain

 their core beliefs and practices, continued to shape societies in South and Southeast Asia.

Hinduism, Islam, and Buddhism

State formation in South and Southeast Asia and development demonstrated

continuity, innovation, and diversity, including the new Hindu and Buddhist states that emerged in South and Southeast Asia.

Beliefs and practices in South and Southeast Asia

§ Bhakti movement

§ Sufism

§ Buddhist monasticism

Hindu/Buddhist states

§ Vijayanagara Empire

§ Srivijaya Empire

§ Rajput kingdoms

§ Khmer Empire

§ Majapahit

§ Sukhothai kingdom

§ Sinhala dynasties

In the Americas, as in Afro-Eurasia, state systems demonstrated

continuity, innovation, and diversity, and expanded in scope and reach

State systems in the Americas

§ Maya city-states

§ Mexica

§ Inca

§ Chaco

§ Mesa Verde

§ Cahokia

In Africa, as in Eurasia and the Americas, state systems demonstrated

 continuity, innovation, and diversity and expanded in scope and reach.

state systems of Africa

§ Great Zimbabwe

§ Ethiopia

§ Hausa kingdoms

 the core beliefs and practices of these religions continued to shape societies in Europe.

Christianity, Judaism, Islam,

Europe was politically fragmented and characterized

by decentralized monarchies, feudalism, and the manorial system.

Europe was largely an agricultural society dependent on

free and coerced labor, including serfdom.

Improved commercial practices led to

an increased volume of trade and expanded the geographical range of existing trade routes— including the Silk Roads—promoting the growth of powerful new trading cities

The growth of interregional trade in luxury goods was encouraged by

 innovations in previously existing transportation and commercial technologies, including the caravanserai, forms of credit, and the development of money economies.

Demand for luxury goods increased in Afro- Eurasia. Chinese, Persian, and Indian artisans and merchants expanded their production of

textiles and porcelains for export; manufacture of iron and steel expanded in China.

silk road trading states

§ Kashgar

§ Samarkand

New forms of credit and money economies on the silk road:

§ Bills of exchange

§ Banking houses

§ Use of paper money

Empires collapsed in different regions of the world and in some areas were replaced by new imperial states, including the

Mongol khanates.

The expansion of empires—including the Mongols—facilitated

Afro-Eurasian trade and communication as new people were drawn into their conquerors’ economies and trade networks.

Interregional contacts and conflicts between states and empires, including the Mongols, encouraged

significant technological and cultural transfers.

Technological and cultural transfers in the Mongol Empire

§ Transfer of Greco– Islamic medical knowledge to western Europe

§ Transfer of numbering systems to Europe (Arabic numerals)

§ Adoption of Uyghur script

Improved transportation technologies and commercial practices led to an increased volume of

trade and expanded the geographical range of existing trade routes, including the Indian Ocean, promoting the growth of powerful new trading cities.

The growth of interregional trade in the Indian Ocean luxury goods was encouraged by

significant innovations in previously existing transportation and commercial technologies, including the use of the compass, the astrolabe, and larger ship designs.

The Indian Ocean trading network fostered

the growth of states.

In key places along important trade routes, merchants set up

 diasporic communities where they introduced their own cultural traditions into the indigenous cultures and, in turn, indigenous cultures influenced merchant cultures.

Interregional contacts and conflicts between states and empires encouraged

significant technological and cultural transfers, including during Chinese maritime activity led by Ming] Admiral Zheng He.

The expansion and intensification of long distance trade routes often depended on

environmental knowledge, including advanced knowledge of the monsoon winds.

Growth of Indian Ocean States

§ City-states of the Swahili Coast

§ Gujarat

§ Sultanate of Malacca

Diasporic communities:

§ Arab and Persian communities in East Africa

§ Chinese merchant communities in Southeast Asia

§ Malay communities in the Indian Ocean basin

The growth of interregional trade was encouraged by

innovations in existing transportation technologies.

Improved transportation technologies and commercial practices led to

an increased volume of trade and expanded the geographical range of existing trade routes, including the trans-Saharan trade network.

The expansion of empires—including Mali in West Africa–facilitated

Afro-Eurasian trade and communication as new people were drawn into the economies and trade networks.

Technologies encouraging interregional trade:

§ Camel saddle

§ Caravans

Increased cross-cultural interactions resulted in

the diffusion of literary, artistic, and cultural traditions, as well as scientific and technological innovations.

The fate of cities varied greatly, with periods of significant decline and periods of increased urbanization

 buoyed by rising productivity and expanding trade networks.

As exchange networks intensified

an increasing number of travelers within Afro- Eurasia wrote about their travels.

Diffusion of cultural traditions:

§ The influence of Buddhism in East Asia

§ The spread of Hinduism and Buddhism into Southeast Asia

§ The spread of Islam in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia Diffusion of scientific or technological

innovations

§ Gunpowder from China

§ Paper from China Travelers

§ Ibn Battuta

§ Margery Kempe

§ Marco Polo

There was continued diffusion of crops and pathogens, with epidemic disease

including the bubonic plague, along trade routes.

Diffusion of crops:

§ Bananas in Africa

§ New rice varieties in East Asia

§ Spread of citrus in the Mediterranean

Imperial expansion relied on

the increased use of gunpowder, cannons, and armed trade to

establish large empires in both hemispheres.

Land empires included the

Manchu in Central and East Asia; the Mughal in South and Central

Asia; the Ottoman in Southern Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa; and the Safavids

in the Middle East.

Political and religious disputes led to

 rivalries and conflict between states.

empire expansion conflict

§ Safavid–Mughal conflict

§ Songhai Empire’s conflict with Morocco

Catholic-Protestant conflict between England and France

Recruitment and use of bureaucratic elites, as well as the development of military

professionals, became more common among rulers who wanted to

maintain centralized control over their populations and resources.

Rulers continued to use religious ideas, art, and monumental architecture

to legitimize their rule.

rulers used these in order to forward state power and expansion.

tribute collection, tax farming, and innovative tax-collection systems to

generate revenue

Bureaucratic elites or military professionals:

§ Ottoman devshirme

§ Salaried samurai

religious ideas

§ Mexica practice of human sacrifice

§ European notions of divine right

§ Songhai promotion of Islam

Art and monumental architecture:

§ Qing imperial portraits

§ Incan sun temple of Cuzco

§ Mughal mausolea and mosques

§ European palaces, such as Versailles

Tax-collection systems:

§ Mughal zamindar tax collection

§ Ottoman tax farming

§ Mexica tribute lists

§ Ming practice of collecting taxes in hard currency

The Protestant Reformation marked

a break with existing Christian traditions and both the Protestant and Catholic reformations contributed to the growth of Christianity.

Political rivalries between the Ottoman and Safavid empires intensified

the split within Islam between Sunni and Shi’a.

Sikhism developed in South Asia in a context of

interactions between Hinduism and Islam.