Entire Glossary of small Book

Acid-alkali neutralization reactions

Reactions that occur when acids are mixed with alkalis in equal proportions, balancing the total pH and forming water ($H_2O$) and a salt.

Acidic solution

A solution that has a pH below $7.0$ (neutral).

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)

A disease that breaks down the body's immune system; it is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus ($HIV$).

Acquired immunity

Immunity developed after overcoming a disease, through inoculation (such as flu vaccinations), or through exposure to natural allergens (such as pollen, cat dander, and ragweed).

Active electrode

The electrode of an electrotherapy device that is used on the area to be treated.

Alkaline solution

A solution that has a pH above $7.0$ (neutral).

Alkalis

Also known as bases; compounds that react with acids to form salts.

Alkanolamines

Alkaline substances used to neutralize acids or raise the pH of many hair products.

Allergies

Hypersensitivity disorders of the immune system.

Alpha hydroxy acids (AHAs)

Acids derived mostly from milk and fruit sugars that are often used to exfoliate the skin.

Alternating current (AC)

Rapid and interrupted current, flowing first in one direction and then in the opposite direction; it changes directions $60$ times per second.

Ammonia

A colorless gas with a pungent odor that is composed of hydrogen and nitrogen.

Ampere (A or amp)

A unit that measures the strength of an electric current.

Anaphoresis

The process of infusing an alkaline (negative) product into the tissues from the negative pole toward the positive pole.

Anion

An ion with a negative electrical charge.

Anode

The positive electrode of an electrotherapy device, usually red and marked with a $P$ or plus ($+$) sign.

Antibiotics

Substances that kill or slow the growth of bacteria and other microorganisms.

Antiseptics

Chemical germicides formulated for use on skin; they are registered and regulated by the Food and Drug Administration ($FDA$).

Asymptomatic

Showing no symptoms or signs of infection.

Atoms

The smallest chemical components (particles) of an element that make up the element and have the same properties.

Bacteria

Single-celled microorganisms that have both plant and animal characteristics; some are harmful and some are harmless.

Bacterial spores

Bacteria capable of producing a protective coating that allows them to withstand harsh environments and shed the coating when conditions become favorable.

Bactericidal

Capable of destroying bacteria.

Biofilms

Colonies of bacteria that adhere together and adhere to environmental surfaces.

Bloodborne pathogens

Disease-causing microorganisms carried in the body by blood or body fluids, such as hepatitis and $HIV$.

Booth rental

Also known as chair rental; a form of self-employment and business ownership distinguished by renting a booth or station in a salon, spa, or barbershop.

Business plan

A written description of your business as you see it today and as you foresee it in the next five years (detailed by year).

Business policies

Rules or regulations adopted by a business to ensure that all clients and associates are being treated fairly and consistently.

Business regulations and laws

Local, state, and federal regulations and laws that must be complied with when opening a salon or renting a booth/suite.

Business operation

Recurring processes or activities involved in running a business for the purpose of producing income and value.

Capital

Money needed to invest in a business.

Carbohydrates

Nutrients needed for energy to run every function within the body.

Carcinogen

A substance that causes or is believed to cause cancer.

Catalysts

Substances that speed up chemical reactions.

Cataphoresis

Process of fusing an acidic (positive) product into deeper tissues using galvanic current from the positive pole toward the negative pole.

Cathode

Negative electrode of an electrotherapy device; the cathode is usually black and is marked with an N or a minus ($-$) sign.

Cation

An ion with a positive electrical charge.

Chelating soaps

Break down stubborn films and remove the residue of products such as scrubs, salts, and masks; also known as chelating detergents.

Chemical change

A change in the chemical composition or make-up of a substance.

Chemical properties

Characteristics that can only be determined by a chemical reaction and a chemical change in the substance.

Circuit breaker

Switch that automatically interrupts or shuts off an electric circuit at the first indication of overload.

Cleaning

A mechanical process (scrubbing) using soap and water or detergent and water to remove all visible dirt, debris, and many disease-causing germs. Cleaning also removes invisible debris that interfere with disinfection. Cleaning is what cosmetologists are required to do before disinfecting.

Client base

Customers who are loyal to a particular cosmetologist.

Client consultation

Communication with a client that determines what the client's needs are and how to achieve the desired results.

Client intake form

Also known as a client questionnaire, consultation card, or health history form; used in beauty and wellness services as a questionnaire that discloses the client's contact information, products they use, hair/nail/skin care needs, preferences and lifestyle. The form also includes all medications, both topical (applied to skin) and oral (taken by mouth), along with any known medical issues, skin or scalp disorders or allergies that might affect services.

Combustible

Material that is capable of igniting and burning.

Combustion

Rapid oxidation of a substance accompanied by the production of heat and light.

Commission

Percentage of the revenue generated from services performed by a professional.

Communicable

Able to be communicated; transferable by contact from one person to another as in a communicable disease.

Complete electric circuit

The path of negative and positive electric currents moving from the generating source through the conductors and back to the generating source.

Compound molecules

Also known as compounds; a chemical combination of two or more atoms of different elements in definite (fixed) proportions.

Conductor

Any material that conducts electricity.

Consumption supplies

Supplies used in the daily business operation.

Contagious disease

Also known as communicable disease; disease that is capable of being spread from one person to another.

Contamination

The presence, or the reasonably anticipated presence, of blood or other potentially infectious materials on an item's surface, or visible debris or residues such as dust, hair, and skin.

Contraindication

A condition that requires avoiding certain treatments, procedures, or products to prevent undesirable side effects.

Corporation

An ownership structure controlled by one or more shareholders.

Deductive reasoning

The process of reaching logical conclusions by employing logical reasoning.

Demographics

Information about a specific population including data on race, age, income, and educational attainment.

Desincrustation

A form of anaphoresis; process used to soften and emulsify grease deposits (oil) and blackheads in the hair follicles.

Diagnosis

Determination of the nature of a disease from its symptoms and/or diagnostic tests; federal regulations prohibit salon professionals from performing a diagnosis.

Direct current

Abbreviated DC; constant, even-flowing current that travels in one direction only and is produced by chemical means.

Direct transmission

Transmission of pathogens through touching (including shaking hands), kissing, coughing, sneezing, and talking.

Disease

An abnormal condition of all or part of the body, or its systems or organs, that makes the body incapable of carrying on normal function.

Disinfectants

Chemical products approved by the EPA designed to destroy most bacteria (excluding spores), fungi, and viruses on surfaces.

Disinfection

A chemical process that uses specific products to destroy harmful organisms (except bacterial spores) on environmental surfaces.

Effective communication

The act of sharing information between two people (or groups of people) so that the information is successfully understood.

Efficacy

The ability of a product to produce the intended effect; on a disinfectant label, it indicates specific pathogens destroyed or disabled when used properly.

Electric current

Flow of electricity along a conductor.

Electricity

The movement of electrons from one atom to another along a conductor.

Electrode

Also known as probe; applicator for directing electric current from an electrotherapy device to the client's skin.

Electromagnetic spectrum

Also known as electromagnetic spectrum of radiation; name given to all of the forms of energy (or radiation) that exist.

Electrons

Subatomic particles with a negative charge.

Electrotherapy

The use of electrical currents to treat the skin.

Elemental molecule

Molecule containing $2$ or more atoms of the same element in definite (fixed) proportions.

Elements

The simplest form of chemical matter; an element cannot be broken down into a simple substance without a loss of identity.

Employee

Employment classification in which the employer withholds certain taxes and has a high level of control.

Emulsifier

An ingredient that brings $2$ normally incompatible materials together and binds them into a uniform and fairly stable blend.

Emulsion

An unstable physical mixture of $2$ or more immiscible substances plus a special ingredient called an emulsifier.

Endothermic reaction

Chemical reaction that requires the absorption of energy or heat from an external source for the reaction to occur.

Ergonomics

The science of designing the workplace as well as its equipment and tools to make specific body movements more comfortable, efficient, and safe.

Ethics

The moral principles by which we live and work.

Exothermic reaction

Chemical reactions that release a significant amount of heat.

Exposure incident

Contact with non-intact (broken) skin, blood, body fluid, or other potentially infectious material that is the result of the performance of an employee's duties.

Fats

Nutrients needed for many body functions, including hormones, sebum production, and absorption of fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K.

Flammable

Material that is capable of igniting and burning, and easier to ignite than combustible material.

Fungi

Single-cell organisms that grow in irregular masses that include molds, mildews, and yeasts; can produce contagious diseases such as ringworm.

Fungicidal

Capable of destroying molds and fungi.

Fuse

Prevents excessive current from passing through a circuit.

Galvanic current

Constant and direct current, having a positive and negative pole, that produces chemical changes when it passes through the tissues and fluids of the body.

Game plan

The conscious act of planning your life, instead of just letting things happen.

Glycerin

Sweet, colorless, oily substance used as a solvent and as a moisturizer in skin and body creams.

Glycolic acid

An alpha hydroxy acid used in exfoliation and to lower the pH of products.

Goals

A set of benchmarks that, once achieved, help you realize your mission and your vision.

Goal setting

The identification of long-term and short-term goals that helps you decide what you want out of life.

Ground fault interrupter

Protects from electrical shock by interrupting a household circuit when there is a leak in the circuit.

Grounding

Completes an electric circuit and carries the current safely away.

Hepatitis

A bloodborne virus that causes disease and can damage the liver.

Herpes simplex virus

An inflammatory disease of the skin caused by a viral infection and characterized by small vesicles in clusters.

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

Virus that causes acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS).