VTNE Power Pages Pharmacology

Commonly Used Drugs

Commonly Used Drugs

An aminoglycoside antibiotic that can be renal-toxic

Gentamicin

Clindamycin is in what group of antibiotics?

Lincosamide

Amoxicillin is in what group of antibiotics?

aminopenicillin

Enrofloxacin is in which group of antibiotics

fluoroquinolone

Fluoroquinolone's commonly end in ? and can cause what side effects?

1. -oxacin

2. cartilage defects in young dogs or blindness in cats

What are four common cephalosporin antibiotics

1. Cephalexin - 1st generation

2. Cefpodoxime - 3rd generation

3. Cefazolin - 1st generation

4. Cefovecin (Convenia) - 3rd generation

What is a commonly used sulfonamide antibiotic that can cause dry eye?

Trimethoprim - Sulfa (TMS)

Tetracycline antibiotics have what common side effects?

bone and teeth abnormalities

What is a commonly used tetracycline antibiotic?

Doxycycline

What is a commonly used antibiotic that is used to treat diarrhea, colitis, or giardia?

Metronidazole

Opiods act on which receptors in the body and are reversed with?

1. mu agonists

2. Naloxone

What are 3 common side effects of NSAIDs?

1. GI ulceration

2. Liver effects

3. Kidney effects

What is the most commonly used post-operative NSAID for dogs?

Carprofen

Which NSAID is most commonly used as a fever reducer?

Ketoprofen

Which NSAID enhances the risk of nephrotoxicity

Meloxicam

Flunixin Meglumine is a NSAID also known as ? and is mostly used in which species?

1. Banamine

2. Horses

Phenylbutazone is a NSAID also known as ? and is mostly used in which species?

1. Bute

2. Horses

Ketamine is a dissociative anesthetic that can cause

muscle rigidity

Telazol is an anesthetic from a combination of which two drugs?

Tiletamine and Zolazepam

What is a benzodiazepine that causes skeletal muscle relaxation and sedation by enhancing GABA?

Valium (Diazepam)

What are the 2 most common side effects of Propofol?

1. Apnea

2. Hypotension

What are the two alpha 2 agonists and their reversals?

1. Dexmedetomidine (Dexdomitor) - Atipamizole (Antisedan)

2. Xylazine - Yohimbine

Which phenothiazine tranquilizer can lower the seizure threshold?

Acepromazine

Which opiod emetic comes in an injectable form and a tablet that can be placed in the conjunctival sac?

Apomorphine

Which short acting thiobarbituate is not recommended in sighthounds due to slow metabolism of the drug?

Thiopental

What is the most common side effect of inhalent anesthetics>

Hypotension

What is a common loop diuretic used for CHF?

Furosimide (Lasix)

Ace-inhibitors commonly end in ? and cause ?

1. -pril

2. Vasodilation

What is a common ace inhibitor that is used to treat heart failure and hypertension

Enalapril

What is a common inodilator that is used to treat CHF

Pimobendan

What is the choice anti-hypertensive for cats?

Amlodipine

Which is the potassium sparing diuretic?

Spironolactone

What is an anticholinergic used to increase HR during CPCR or surgery

Atropine

Common and trade name for a general anthelmentic that is also commonly used to treat giardia

1. Fenbendazole

2. Panacur

Common and trade name for a anti-parasitic used to treat coccidia

1. Sulfadimethoxine

2. Albon

Pyrantel Pamoate is commonly used in puppies to treat ?

ascarids

Common names for drugs in Profender and what does it treat?

1. Emodepside and Praziquantel

2. topical dewormer for felines and treatment of tapeworms

Common names of 3 drugs in Drontal Plus and what does it treat?

1. Praziquantal, Pyrantel, and Fabantel

2. oral dewormer for cats and dogs

What is the trade name for Selamectin and which route does it prevent parasites?

1. Revolution

2. Topical

Revolution prevents ? and is a treatment for ?

1. fleas, hooks, rounds, heartworm

2. ear mites, Sarcoptes

What is the trade name for Ivermectin and in what breeds is it contraindicated?

1. Heartgard

2. Collie type breeds

Heartgard prevents ? and treats ?

1. Heartworm, hooks, rounds

2. Demodex with injectable ivermectin

What is the trade name for Milbemycin and what does it prevent?

1. Intereptor

2. Heartworm, hooks, rounds, whips

H2 receptor blocker that reduces stomach acid to treat gastritis in dogs

Famotidine (Pepcid)

Gastroprotectant that acts as a bandaid for GI tract

Sucralfate

Uses for Metoclopromide and its trade name

1. upper GI prokinetic agent and prevents nausea

2. Reglan

How does Metoclopromide prevent nausea?

blocks dopamine in the CRTZ

Reglan can cause ? in cats

hyperactivity

Maripitant trade name and uses

1. Cerenia

2. anti-nausea

Pro-motility agent commonly used in cats with megacolon

Cisapride

Common and trade name of proton pump inhibitor nused to prevent gastric ulcers

Omeperazole (Prilosec)

Protaglandin E1 analog used to prevent GI ulceration

Misoprostol

Trade name for Methocarbamol and what does it do?

1. Robaxin

2. Muscle relaxant

Ketoconazole is an ? and is potentially ?

1. antifungal

2. hepatotoxic

A steriod synthesis inhibitor used to treat hyperadrenocorticism

Trilostane (Vetoryl)

Drug that treats hyperthyroidism

Methimazole

Guafenisin is a ? and is comonly used in ?

1. muscle relaxant

2. large animal anesthesia

Pentobarbital is most commonly used in

euthanasia

Mirtazipine is an

appetite stimulant in dogs and cats

Insulin Use and Monitoring

Insulin Use and Monitoring

Short acting insulin commonly used in DKA patients

Humulin-R

Insulin used for maintenance in dogs

Humulin-N

Insulin used for maintenance in cats

Glargine (Lantus)

What is the lowest point the blood sugar reaches after insulin is given before it starts to rise again called?

Nadir

What does the nadir help determine?

If the proper dose of insulin

Alternative method of glucose monitoring in nervous or fractious pets

Fructosamine level

Fructosamine level results are

average blood sugar over the past 2 weeks

Which insulins use U-40 syringes

Vetsulin

Which insulin's use U-100 syringes

Humulin-R, Humulin-N, Glargine (Lantus)

Fluid Therapy

Replacement of hydration deficits, maintenance of normal hydration, replacement of lost blood volume, correction of electrolyte imbalances, treatment of shock, and infusion of intravenous medications.

Crytalloid soultions are considered ? and 3 examples

1. isotonic

2. LRS, 0.9% Sodium Chloride, Normosol-R

When crystalloids contain additives they should never be used for ?

boluses of fluid

Maintenance fluid rate

60 ml/kg/day

Surgical Fluid Rate

10ml/kg/hr

shock dose canine

90 ml/kg

shock dose feline

60 ml/kg

Fluid deficit formula (mL)

weight in kg X % dehydration X 1000

Fluid rate (mL/hr) to correct for dehydration

(maintenance fluids/day + fluid deficit + ongoing losses)/24

synthetic colloids act by

expanding plasma volume

examples of synthetic colloids

Hetastarch, Dextrans

Natural colloids are used for

replacement of lost blood volume

Examples of natural colloids

Whole blood, fresh frozen plasma, albumin

5-6% dehydration

dry or sticky oral mucus membranes

6-8% dehydration

mild to moderate decrease in skin turgor, dry or sticky mucus membranes, sunken eyes

10-12% dehydration

marked decrease to skin turgor, dry mucus membranes, sunken eyes, weak and rapid pulse, slow CRT, moderate to marked mentation

Equivalents

Equivalents

1 tsp = ? mL

5 mL

1 Tbsp = ? tsp

3 tsp

1 fl oz = ? mL

30 mL