Italy: Notable Religious Figures, Theologians, Philosophers, and Historians

1033 - 1109 - St. Anselm of Canterbury (All Facts)

• Italian Philosopher

  • He was one of the first Scholastic philosophers

• He was the Archbishop of Canterbury

• He proposed the Ontological Argument for God’s existence

  • This sought to establish the existence of God by reason, arguing that God must necessarily exist since He is perfect and it is more perfect to exist than not

1181 - 1226 - St. Frances of Assisi (All Facts)

• Founded his namesake religious order, also known as the Friars Minor

  • It was approved by Pope Innocent III

  • It was based on a simple life derived from the Gospel

  • Its members gave up all their possessions and went around ragged, barefoot, and dirty like vagabond beggars, mixing themselves in with the poor and helping them

  • In his own lifetime, he resigned from being the leader of the namesake order which he created

• He was known for devoting himself to helping not just the poor and the sick, but animals

  • He was famous for preaching to animals such as birds, and they appeared to listen to him and talk back

• He was born as the son of a wealthy cloth merchant

• He became uneasy about the contrast between his riches and the poverty and sickness he saw in the streets

  • One day, he not only gave alms to lepers, but forced himself to kiss one on the lips

  • In doing so, he produced a sudden and profound conversion for himself to Christianity

• Later on he had a second revelation when the crucifix of the church of St. Damien spoke to him and said “You, go and repair my house, which you see is in ruins”

  • He first interpreted this literally and went through the streets begging for stones to rebuild the church of St. Damien and sold some of his father’s cloth to buy more stones, but his father was furious with him and demanded his money back

  • So the namesake gave it to him publicly in front of the bishop’s palace and then, in dramatic fashion, he also took off his clothes and gave them back as well saying, “Naked I will go to the Lord”

1225 - 1274 - St. Thomas Aquinas (All Facts)

• Italian Scholastic Philosopher

• Best known for his works “Summa contra Gentiles,” which explains Catholicism, and “Summa Theologica,” which summarized his entire work

  • He argued and showed that Aristotelian reason and the Christian faith were complementary and confirmed, rather than contradicted each other

  • His work marked a major watershed in western thought for his success in creating a synthesis of Christian theology and Aristotelianism

  • He thus forged a new bond between Christian Europe and one of the great philosophers of its pagan past

• He

  • was born of a noble family at Aquino, near Naples

  • entered the order of and became a Dominican

  • traveled to Paris to study under Albertus Magnus, a fellow Dominican

  • studied Aristotle thoroughly when he was back in Italy at the papal court

  • died at the papal court at the age of 48

1265 - St. Thomas Aquinas: Summa Contra Gentiles (All Facts)

• Work in which the namesake author stated his belief in the power of reason and presented arguments designed to convince the non-believer of the power and truth displayed in Christianity

• Work which, along with the namesake author’s others, gave a strong Aristotelian basis to Catholic philosophy

1247 - 1328 - Giovanni Monte Corvino (All Facts)

• Italian Franciscan Missionary

• He established the earliest Latin Catholic missions in India and China

• He famously baptized Khaistan Kuluk, the third great khan of the Yuan Dynasty in China

1347 - 1380 - St. Catherine of Siena (All Facts)

• She was one of the greatest Christian mystics who had glorified the age of mystical fervor at the time

• She was in constant tireless devotion to those in need and to the church, both in her native town and throughout Italy

• She sought recognition of Pope Urban VI in the face of the breakaway papacy at Avignon and the election of anti-Pope Clement VII

• She was paralyzed from the waist down by a stroke and then died eight days afterwards

1463 - 1494 - Pico della Mirandola (All Facts)

• Italian Renaissance Philosopher from Ferrara

• He took on the view of Humanism, writing that “nothing in the world can be found that is more worthy of admiration than man”

• He suggested that Christ did not really descend into the underworld

• He argued that cabalistic magic is the best way of proving the divinity of Christ

• He was the son of a noble family

• He began to study canon law at the age of 10 in Bologna

• He began to study philosophy at the age of 12 in Ferrara

• He began to study Hebrew and Arabic in Perugia, where he was strongly influenced by Jewish scholars of the Kabbalah

• He met many humanist philosophers while in Sorbonne in France

• His views and work was condemned as heresy in a papal commission by Pope Innocent VIII

1486 - Pico della Mirandola: Conclusiones (All Facts)

• Work which comprises 900 propositions about God and man

1433 - 1499 - Marsilio Ficino (All Facts)

• Italian Philosopher

  • He was from Florence

• He was a leading member of Florence’s “Platonic Academy”

1482 - Marsilio Ficino: The Platonic Theology “Concerning the Immortality of the Soul” (All Facts)

• Philosophical work which argues for the freedom of the soul from the body

1469 - 1527 - Niccolo Machiavelli (All Facts)

• Italian Renaissance Politician, Political Philosopher, Political Scientist, and Historian

  • He is considered the Father of Modern Political Philosophy and Political Science

• He was appointed Secretary to the Council of Ten

  • This was the second most executive tier in the Republic of Florence

  • This Council handled

    • wars (at a time when war was an almost permanent feature among the Italian city-states, especially the “Italian Wars”)

    • internal security

  • His post as Secretary involved

    • frequent visits to Italian and foreign rulers, including the King of France, the pope, and his contemporary Cesare Borgia

  • However, when the Medici Family returned to Florence, he lost his job as Secretary and was exiled

    • He was urged by the Medici Family to devote himself to writing a history of the Republic of Florence

    • As secretary, he had walked the gilt-lined corridors of power, however, and still pined for high office

    • His work as a writer thus suggested that such works were designed to court favor with the Medici Family

    • He had some success in the fact that his most famous work pleased the Medici Family

1513 / 1532 - Niccolo Machiavelli: The Prince (All Facts)

• Work which consists of a remarkable study of political power, including its uses and abuses

• Work in which the namesake author does not assume that princely rule is any better than popular “democratic” government

• Work which discusses at length the way in which princely power is gained

• Work which analyzes how power is preserved in the volatile climate that was Italian politics at the time

• Work whose main character is believed to have been based off of Cesare Borgia

• Work which the namesake author wrote in an attempt to regain favor with his former employers

• Work which was criticized for the namesake author’s approach being too direct and blunt, too obvious in its intent

• Work which was published posthumously

1517 / 1531 - Niccolo Machiavelli: Discourses on Levy (All Facts)

• Work which was designed to court favor with the Medici Family after the namesake author’s exile from his post as Secretary of the Council of Ten

1483 - 1540 - Francesco Guicciardini (All Facts)

• Italian Historian and Statesman

  • He was from Florence

  • He became governor of Bologna

  • He was a diplomat

  • He was a councilor to Pope Clement VII

  • He retired from public affairs seven years before his death, writing history thereafter

• He was a pessimist, having saw man as a weakling, and having saw man’s life determined by chaotic and unforeseeable events

  • He believed man’s only hope lay in using man’s intelligence, even if such efforts are often frustrated

  • He despised princes, popes, and people equally, although he earned high honors working for the Papacy and the Medici Family

• He is considered the first historian of Italy, since he considered Italy as a whole, rather than the sum of its provinces

  • The consciousness of Italy’s nationhood thus began with him

1536 / 1561 - Francesco Guicciardini: The History of Italy (All Facts)

• Work which covers events in Italy from the reign of Charles VIII to ten years before it was published

• Work which is unique in that the namesake authors views Italy as a single nation, whereas other historians of the namesake author’s day and age restricted themselves to studying Italy’s various provinces

• Work which influences people to consider the namesake author the first historian of Italy, since he considered Italy as a whole, rather than the sum of its provinces

• Work in which the namesake author demonstrates that wars and diplomacy are not divisive, but rather simply link one state of Italy to another

• Work which was published posthumously on the namesake latter date, which completed the namesake author’s initial “History of Florence” which was begun but unfinished upon the death of the namesake author

1474 - 1540 - St. Angela Merici (All Facts)

• Italian Catholic Religious Educator

• Founder of the Angelines / Company of St. Ursula Order, which worked to educate young girls

• She died at Brescia

1480 - 1547 - St. Cajetan (All Facts)

• Italian Catholic Priest and Religious Reformer

  • His real name was Gaetano di Thiene

• He co-founded the Theatines or Congregation of Clerics Regular, along with Gian Pietro Carafa (the future Pope Paul IV)

  • Prior to this, he was initially the leader of the Oratory of Divine Love

• He and his co-founder

  • were dedicated to the relief of human suffering

  • attempted to persuade the Catholic Church to improve the training of clerics (by their own examples)

  • argued that priests should live in their parishes

• He and his co-founder founded the Theatines in order to have its members’ lives be made up of

  • poverty

  • celibacy

  • work in schools, hospitals, orphanages, and women’s hostels

1495 - 1552 - Matteo da Bascio (All Facts)

• He founded the Order of Friars Minor Capuchin, which aimed to revive the Franciscan ideal of saintly poverty, and which was approved of by Pope Clement VII

1538 - 1584 - St. Carlo Borromeo (All Facts)

• Archbishop of Milan

• He revived Catholicism in northern Italy

• He died in Milan and was later canonized

1515 - 1595 - St. Philip Neri (All Facts)

• Italian Catholic Priest and Philanthropist

  • He was from Florence but moved to Rome

• He founded the Congregation of the Oratory, which was approved by Pope Gregory XIII

  • He did this to rededicate the clergy to the service of lay society

1548 - 1600 - Giordano Bruno (All Facts)

• Italian Philosopher and Dominican Friar

  • He was born in Nola

• He desired to heal the splits between Catholics and Protestants and between the church and science

  • He hoped to reconcile Catholics and Protestants to the new idea of an infinite universe

• His philosophy was influenced by / a blend of Neoplatonism, Stoicism, and Epicureanism

• He believed in a pantheistic system based on Copernican astronomy

  • He studied the ideas of Copernicus and believed and agreed with Copernicus over the Church

  • The Church was not prepared to shift its beliefs

• He was arrested by the Roman Inquisition in Venice, but freed after he recanted the heresies of which he was accused

  • However, he withdrew his recantation and was eventually expelled from the church as “an impenitent heretic,” sent to a secular court for punishment, and burnt to death as a heretic after a 7-year trial

1582 - Giordano Bruno: The Shadow of Ideas (All Facts)

• Philosophical treatise on Neoplatonism

1552 - 1610 - Matteo Ricci (All Facts)

• Italian Jesuit

  • He was also a cartographer and clockmaker

• He founded one of the first Catholic missions to China

  • He arrived in Macao, where he began an intensive study of the Chinese language and civilization

  • He gained access to the imperial court at Beijing

  • He visited Beijing a second time and was given permission to stay

  • He warned the Chinese of “the sins of Sodom”

• He believed that if the Catholic Church was to succeed in the East, it would have to adapt to local customs and he did this by

  • wearing a mandarin’s robe

  • adopting the Chinese name of Li-Mateo

  • intensively studying and gaining knowledge of Chinese philosophy

• He did much to convert many Chinese including

  • translate the Lord’s Prayer and Ten Commandments into Chinese

  • publish his greatest work

• He worked with Li Paulus, his Chinese colleague

• He was buried in Beijing in great honor

1603 - Matteo Ricci: True Meaning of the Lord of Heaven (All Facts)

• Work in which the namesake author bridges Christian theology with Confucian morality

• Work in which the namesake author explains Christian doctrine for Chinese understanding, as it is written in Chinese

• Work in which the namesake author attacks the “sins of Sodom” which many Chinese practiced at the time it was written

• Work in which the namesake author writes that “this kind of filthiness is not even discussed by wise men in the west, for fear of defiling their own mouths”

1585 - 1619 - Lucilo Vanini (All Facts)

• Italian Philosopher, Free-Thinker, and Libertine

  • He was from Naples

  • He wrote under the name “Giulio Cesare”

• He was a Carmelite monk for some time, but he eventually left the convent and became a wandering scholar

• He proudly proclaimed his belief in a natural morality

  • His rationalist and naturalist ideas forced him to leave Naples for England, and England for France

• His view of miracles was considered blasphemous

• He was tried by the Toulouse Parlement in France where he had his tongue cut out and he was strangled at the stake and burnt to ashes

  • He was accused of magic and atheism

  • He was killed for his unorthodox views

  • His work was condemned to be burnt, although secretly still admired even by scholars from places like the Sorbonne

  • His detractors were not content until they had burnt the namesake man behind the work as well

1615 - Lucilo Vanini: Ampitheater of Divine Providence (All Facts)

• Work which attracted the censorship of the Sorbonne in France

1616 - Lucilo Vanini: Secrets of Nature (All Facts)

• Work which attracted the censorship of the Sorbonne in France

1542 - 1621 - St. Robert Bellarmine (All Facts)

• Italian Jesuit Theologian and Catholic Cardinal

• He was a leader of the Catholic Counter-Reformation

1560 - 1624 - Marco Antonio de Dominis (All Facts)

• Italian Catholic Theologian

1568 - 1639 - Tomaso Campanella (All Facts)

• Italian Dominican Friar and Philosopher

  • He eventually left the Dominican Friary

  • He is sometimes called a “utopian” philosopher

• He was imprisoned for 27 years for having attempted to stir up a revolution in the region of Calabria in Naples against the Spanish rulers there

  • He was accused of heresy and kept imprisoned in a Neapolitan dungeon for 27 years

  • He had led an abortive revolution in southern Italy

• He died in the Dominican monastery of St. Honore near Paris in France

1622 - Tomaso Campanella: In Defense of Galilelo / Apologia pro Galileo (All Facts)

• Treatise written by the namesake author in prison and published in Frankfurt

• Treatise written to defend the namesake revolutionary astronomer’s work

• Treatise first addressed to the namesake astronomer himself, and then to Cardinal Bonifacio Gaetani

• Treatise which was widely circulated in Germany and in the Netherlands

1623 - Tomaso Campanella: The City of the Sun / Civitas Solis (All Facts)

• Work which describes a utopia, more specifically, an egalitarian theocratic society where property is held in common

• Work which describes a fantasy of the ideal city, ruled by priests through scientific magic

• Work which is considered an imitation of Plato’s “Republic”

1577 - 1656 - Roberto de Nobili (All Facts)

• Italian Jesuit Priest

• He preached in the Dekhan region in India, where he learned local dialects and adopted the lifestyle of the Brahmins

  • He adopted local languages and customs and toned down some parts of the Gospel (the Christian message) in deference to Hindu sensibilities

  • His lifestyle aroused hostility in his fellow missionaries and he was charged with corrupting the Catholic faith during his work in India

  • His name was eventually cleared for (of) corrupting the Catholic faith during his work in India by Pope Gregory XV

1668 - 1744 - Giambattista Vico (All Facts)

• Italian Philosopher

1725 / 1744 - Giambattista Vico: The New Science (All Facts)