Psychology Chapter 9: Motivation and Emotion

Motivation

a stimulus or force that can direct the way we behave, think, and feel

Incentive

associate btwn a behavior and its consequences

Extrinsic Motivation

when a learned behavior is motivated by the incentive of external reinforcers in the environment

Intrinsic Motivation

when a learned behavior is driven by personal satisfaction or within a person

Instincts

complex behaviors that are fixed, unlearned, and consistent within a species

Homeostasis

refers to the way in which our bodies maintain constant states through internal controls

Drive-Reduction Theory

proposes that this biological balancing is the basis for motivation; behaviors are driven by the process of fulfilling basic needs for nutrients, fluids, oxygen, etc.

Drive

the state of tension that pushes us to meet equilibrium

Arousal Theory

humans seek an optimal level of arousal (engagement with the world)

Hierarchy of Needs

A. Maslow, theory of motivation, organized human needs into a pyramid

Physiological Needs

most critical, require food, water, sleep, and balance

Safety Needs

predictability and order, steady job, health insurance, safe neighborhood

Love and Belongingness Needs

need to avoid loneliness, feel apart of a group, maintain affectionate relationships

Esteem Needs

need to be respected by others, to have self-respect, and feelings of independence

Self-actualization

“to become more and more what one is, to become everything one is capable of becoming”; to reach one’s fullest potential

Self-transcendence

motivates us to go beyond our own need and feel connections through “peak” experiences

List Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs in order

Base: (1) Physiological Needs

(2) Safety Needs

(3) Love and Belongingness Needs

(4) Esteem Needs

(5) Self-actualization

Top: (6) Self-transcendence

Self-Determination Theory

Deci and Ryan, suggests that we are born with 3 universal and fundamental needs that drive us

Name the 3 needs that drive us according to Self-Determination Theory

(1) Competence

(2) Relatedness

(3) Autonomy

Competence

represents need to reach our goals through mastery of day to day responsibility

Relatedness

need to create meaningful and lasting relationships

Autonomy

managing one’s behavior to reach personal goals

Need for Achievement (N-Ach)

drive to reach attainable and challenging goals, esp. in face of competition

Need for Power (N-Pow)

drive to control and influence others

Name the three phases of sexual arousal according to Masters and Johnson

(1) Excitement Phase

(2) Plateau Phase

(3) Orgasm

(4) Resolution

Lateral Hypothalamus

when activated, appetite increases; motivates eating behavior, helps preserve balance btwn energy supply and demand

Ventromedial Hypothalamus

when activated, appetite declines; receives info about levels of blood glucose and feeding related stimuli

Set point

we tend to maintain a stable weight

Emotion

a psychological state that includes a subjective or inner experience

Name the two parts of emotion

has a physiological element and entails a behavioral expression

Valence

how pleasant or unpleasant an emotion is

Arousal Level

how active/excited/involved or how calm, uninvolved or passive a person experiencing an emotion may be

James- Lange Theory

(1) Stimulus —→ (2) Physiological/Behavioral reaction —→ (3) Emotion

Cannon-Bard Theory

(1) Stimulus —→ (2) + (3) Emotion and Physiological response (simultaneously)

Schachter-Singer Theory

(1) Stimulus —→ (2) Physiological response —→ (3) Labeling —→ (4) Emotion

Cognitive Appraisal (Lazarus)

(1) Stimulus —→ (2) Cognitive Appraisal —→ (3) Emotion

Display Rules

provide guidelines for how, when, and where an emotion is expressed

Facial Feedback Hypothesis

facial expression can impact the experience of emotions

Name the universal/basic set of emotions

• fear/surprise

• anger/disgust

• happiness

• sadness