TEAS Endocrine system

homeostasis

the endocrine system is essential to maintain _____ in the body

endocrine gland

produces hormones and secretes them directly into the blood without the use of a duct

exocrine glands

release non-hormone products such as sweat, oil, tears, and bile through ducts to their target locations, usually a cavity or epithelial surface inside or outside the body

hormones

molecules that bind to receptors and deliver regulatory messages

hypothalamus

the link between the nervous system and the endocrine system

pituitary

nicknamed the “master gland” because so many of the hormones it secretes act on other endocrine glands

thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH, thyrotropin)

targets the thyroid and stimulates the secretion of thyroid hormones

adrenocorticotropic (ACTH)

targets the adrenal cortex and stimulates the release of glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids

growth hormone (GH)

targets the muscle and bone to stimulate growth

follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

targets the gonads to stimulate the maturation of sperm cells and ovarian follicles

luteinizing hormone (LH)

targets the gonads and stimulates the production of sex hormones, stimulates ovulation in females

prolactin (PRL)

targets the mammary glands and stimulates the production of milk

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

targets the kidneys and blood vessels to increase water retention

melatonin

secreted by the pineal gland, targets the brain to regulate daily sleep/wake rhythm

triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4)

secreted by the thyroid gland, targets most cells to stimulate cellular metabolism

calcitonin

secreted by the thyroid, targets bones and kidneys to lower blood calcium

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

secreted by the parathyroid gland, targets the bones and kidneys to raise blood calcium

thymosin

secreted by the thymus gland, targets lymphatic tissues to stimulate production of T cells

insulin

secreted by the pancreas, targets the liver, muscle, and adipose tissue to decrease blood glucose

glucagon

secreted by the pancreas, targets the liver to increase blood glucose

growth hormone inhibiting hormone (GHIH)

secreted by the pancreas, inhibits the secretion of insulin, glucagon, and growth hormone

epinephrine and norepinephrine

secreted from the adrenal medulla, targets the heart, blood vessels, liver, and lungs to increase heart rate and increase blood sugar

aldosterone (mineralocorticoids)

secreted by the adrenal cortex, targets the kidneys to increase the retention of Na+ and excrete K+

glucocorticoids

secreted by the adrenal cortex, targets most tissues. released in response to long-term stressors, increasing blood glucose over a long period of time

androgens

secreted by the adrenal cortex, targets most tissues to develop secondary sex characteristics

gastrin

targets the stomach to stimulate the release of HCl

secretin

targets the pancreas and liver, to stimulate the release of digestive enzymes and bicarbonate ions

cholecystokinin (CCK)

targets the pancreas and liver, stimulates the release of digestive enzymes and bile

erythropoietin

targets the bone marrow to stimulate the production of red blood cells

calcitriol

targets the intestines to increase the reabsorption of CA2+

atrial natriuretic peptide

targets the kidneys and adrenal cortex to reduce the reabsorption of Na+, lowers blood pressure

leptin

targets the brain to suppress appetite

inhibin

targets the anterior pituitary to inhibit the release of FSH

human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

secreted from the placenta, targets the ovaries to stimulate the production of progesterone and estrogen

steroid hormones

lipid-soluble hormones derived from cholesterol. base structure of 4 fused carbon rings

sex hormones

steroid hormones such as estrogen, progesterone, androgens

corticosteroids

steroid hormones such as glucocorticoids and aldosterone

non-steroid hormones

use second messenger systems to elicit responses since they cannot diffuse into cells and bind to cell membranes. tend to elicit faster responses

peptide hormones

hormones that have a short chain of amino acids (oxytocin, somatostatin, antidiuretic hormone)

amines

derivatives of the amino acids tyrosine and tryptophan (epinephrine, norepinephrine, thyroxine, melatonin)

protein hormones

consist of longer chains of amino acids, usually over 100 amino acids (insulin, growth hormone, parathyroid hormone)

glycoproteins

have carbohydrate attachments (FSH, TSH, LH)