Chapter 41: Diabetes mellitus (exam 2)
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47 Terms
What is diabetes mellitus?
A group of disorders characterized by hyperglycemia
What fasting blood glucose level is diagnostic for diabetes?
Greater than 126 mg/dL
What oral glucose tolerance test result is diagnostic for diabetes?
Greater than 200 mg/dL
What are the three classic signs of diabetes?
Polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia
What is hyperglycemia?
Elevated blood glucose levels
What is glycogenolysis?
Breakdown of glycogen into glucose
What is gluconeogenesis?
Formation of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources
Which glucose transporter is insulin dependent?
GLUT4
Where is GLUT1 found?
Blood-brain barrier and pancreatic beta cells
Where is GLUT2 found?
Liver
Where is GLUT3 found?
Neurons and pancreatic beta cells
Where is GLUT4 found?
Muscle and adipose tissue
Which pancreatic cells produce insulin?
Beta cells
Which pancreatic cells produce glucagon?
Alpha cells
Which pancreatic cells produce somatostatin?
Delta cells
What does insulin do?
Promotes glucose uptake into cells
What stimulates insulin release?
Elevated blood glucose
What does glucagon do?
Raises blood glucose
What stimulates glucagon release?
Low blood glucose
What does somatostatin do?
Inhibits insulin and glucagon secretion
What is diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)?
Hyperglycemia, ketosis, and metabolic acidosis
Which type of diabetes is most associated with DKA?
Type 1 diabetes mellitus
What are Kussmaul respirations?
Deep rapid respirations that compensate for metabolic acidosis
What breath odor is associated with DKA?
Fruity odor
What electrolyte abnormality may occur in DKA?
Hyperkalemia
What is hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS)?
Severe hyperglycemia and dehydration with little ketosis
Which type of diabetes is most associated with HHS?
Type 2 diabetes mellitus
What are macrovascular complications of diabetes?
Coronary artery disease, stroke, peripheral arterial disease
What are microvascular complications of diabetes?
Retinopathy and nephropathy
What causes diabetic retinopathy?
Damage to retinal blood vessels
What causes diabetic nephropathy?
Damage to kidney glomeruli
What is diabetic neuropathy?
Nerve damage caused by chronic hyperglycemia
What are signs of diabetic neuropathy?
Paresthesia, sensory loss, autonomic dysfunction
Why are amputations more common in diabetes?
Neuropathy and poor circulation
What is HbA1c?
Glycosylated hemoglobin reflecting long-term glucose control
How many days does HbA1c reflect?
About 100–120 days
What HbA1c value is generally desired?
Less than 7%
What is capillary glucose testing used for?
Daily blood glucose monitoring
When should ketones be checked?
During illness, pregnancy, suspected DKA, or glucose over 300 mg/dL
Why is diabetes education important?
It improves self-management and outcomes
What are the goals of diabetes treatment?
Control blood glucose and prevent complications
What chronic diseases are associated with diabetes?
Heart disease, kidney disease, blindness, and stroke
What is the primary hormone that lowers blood glucose?
Insulin
What is the primary hormone that raises blood glucose?
Glucagon
What is the endocrine portion of the pancreas called?
Islets of Langerhans
What do F cells produce?
Pancreatic polypeptide
What is the function of pancreatic polypeptide?
Modulates digestion and slows gastric emptying