West CIv Coulter Final

Triple Alliance

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy (WWI)

Triple Entente

Britain, France, Russia (WWI)

Trench Warfare

A form of warfare in which opposing armies fight each other from trenches dug in the battlefield.

Facism

Various right-wing dictatorships that arose between the wars

Anti-democratic

Anti-Marxist

Anti-Semitic

Rejected legacy of French Revolution and liberalism

Plato's Apology

describes the trial of Socrates in front of 500 jurors

Socrates is accused of pulling people away from their opinions, corrupting the youth, and not believing in religion

he is sentenced to death

Crito

written by Plato

describes the imprisonment of Socrates

Crito wanted to be a good friend and help but Socrates would not escape

the law is important because it provides an environment where human life can take place

Augustine

(Roman Catholic Church) one of the great fathers of the early Christian church

Overview of Confessions by Augustine

1. opening prayer and sinfulness of a child

2. adolescent lust and pear theft

3. move to Carthage, conversion to philosophy and Manicheanism

4. career in Carthage, toys with Astrology, death of a friend

5. dissatisfied with Manicheanism, meets with St. Ambrose

6. Monica moves to Milan to be with Augustine

7. conversion to Christian Neo-Platonism

8. moral conversion in the garden in Milan

9. effects on Augustine's life from his complete conversion

Thomas Aquinas

most significant theologian/philosopher of the 13th century

Summa Theologica

Written by Thomas Aquinas

makes arguments for the existence of God

provides significant account of law - eternal, divine, natural and human law

structure of Summa Theologica

question, 1-3 contrary answers, a counter argument, Aquinas' own opinion

Renaissance

"rebirth"; during and following the Middle Ages, a movement that centered on the revival of interest in the classical learning of Greece and Rome

economic aspects of the Renaissance

cities and trade grew and became more important

banks and commercial revolution

early manufacturing

more centralized, larger political orders

Aquinas on faith and reason

science is used as a body of knowledge, theology is the queen of sciences

How did new ideas spread during the Renaissance?

the printing press

Protestant Reformation

A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches.

Martin Luther

95 Thesis, posted in 1517, led to religious reform in Germany

95 Theses

relates to repentance, claims that the Pope does not have all the power, objected to how Catholicism related to forgiveness

Jean (John) Calvin

wanted to reform the church, became a committed Protestant minister

Institutes of the Christian Religion

Written by John Calvin, it contained four books which codified Protestant theology. Among these beliefs were an emphasis on sinfulness, we are saved by faith, and what church should look like

Calvin on knowledge of God

we know God as the Creator through creation and as Savior through our sinfulness,

the only true way to know God is through Scripture

Counter Reformation

Council of Trent

clarified teachings and did some reforms of the Catholic church

Scientific Revolution

changed the way Europeans looked at and understood the world

people began to make conclusions based on experimentation and observation, instead of merely accepting traditional ideas

Copernicus

Polish astronomer who used math to explain his heliocentric theory

Heliocentric Theory

the idea that the earth and the other planets revolve around the sun

Two Kinds of Righteousness

alien (outside of us) and proper (we do good because God is working in us)

The Estate of Marriage

written by Luther, states that most people should get married

Enlightenment

an age of reason

philosophers, inspired by scientists, started questioning things

more democracy focused political thinking

ideas about religion during the Enlightenment

many believed God just made the earth and then let us go

there was an emphasis on criticizing government and the church

John Locke

English philosopher, believed that human beings have natural rights and government should protect those rights

John Locke's Letter Concerning Tolerance

argued for religious freedom and toleration during a time when it was thought that Christians shouldn't tolerate other religious beliefs

Purpose of Locke's LCT

sperate the church and state as well as define the proper work of both

Reasons for colonization

faith, political power, trade, raw materials, new markets

Revolution of France

National Constituent Assembly reorganized the French government into a constitutional monarch

Reign of Terror

period of executions done by the Committee of Public Safety, almost dictatorial power

Thermidorian Reaction

sensed the French Revolution had become too radical, ended the Reign of Terror and created a new constitution

Industrial Revolution

A period of rapid growth in the use of machines in manufacturing and production that began in the mid-1700s

economic changes due to the Industrial Revolution

urbanization, spread of disease, consumerism, political developments

Liberalism

a system based on legal equality, religious toleration, freedom of the press, and limitation on arbitrary power of government

Communist Manifesto

A socialist manifesto written by Karl Marx describing the history of the working-class movement according to their views.

Rerum Novarum

Pope Leo XIII's statement against socialism. He emphasized the importance of classes and the church helping others.

Marx's ideas about the lives of workers

Proletariat (workers) wore exploited by the Bourgeoisie (factory owners) and dehumanized

Nationalism

nations are composed of people joined by bonds of common language, customs, culture, history, and geography/place should share the same government

Causes of WWI

security alliances, military build-ups, tensions due to nationalism

consequences of WWI

Germany is completely defeated

League of Nations is created

Major border changes

steam engine

A machine that turns the energy released by burning fuel into motion. It was then applied to machinery.

causes of WWII

Great Depression

Hitler's rise to power

Japan wanted to control east Asia

Dunkirk

A city in northern France on the North Sea where in World War II (1940) 330,000 Allied troops had to be evacuated from the beaches at Dunkirk in a desperate retreat under enemy fire. "Miracle of Dunkirk"

WWII in the Pacific

Japan wanted to take over the Pacific Ocean and knock out the US pacific fleet. US took on island hopping and ended up taking down the Japanese empire with the Manhattan projects and atomic bomb

consequences of WWII

most terrible war in history

countries that were previously independent were held captive by the Soviet Union

Holocaust

A methodical plan orchestrated by Hitler to ensure German supremacy. It called for a war of extermination for Europe to be Judenrein (free of Jews).

post World War II economic developments

suburbanization and the Baby Boom/marriage rates

growth of European Welfare State

early developments in European cooperation

sexual revolution

internal concerns about communism

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

victor nations made a statement of human rights which drew on different cultural positions

Congress of Vienna

Viscount Castlereagh (1769-1822) - British foreign secretary, Key person in achieving eventual agreement

Quadruple Alliance - Britain, Austria, Russia, Prussia, Formed to preserve settlement

NATO

North Atlantic Treaty Organization; an alliance made to defend one another if they were attacked by any other country

C.S. Lewis

professor and public intellectual

Stalin's building of communism

makes the Soviet Union an industrial giant

collectivized farms

killed people he feared would take his power

Civil Constitution on the Clergy

made clergy employees of the state, upset people who were attached to the Catholic church

Renaissance and ancient texts

people began to reference and read ancient Greek philosophers

Abolition of Man

Men without Chests - reflects on a textbook that claims we only do good to serve ourselves

The Way - shows that there is a hierarchy of doing good

Abolition of Man - science and technology should be used to serve the human good and there needs to be a moral order

English Reformation

Henry VIII's break from the Catholic Church. He was named head of the church of England. More political than religious.

Empiricism

the belief that accurate knowledge can be acquired through observation

Skepticism

A philosophy which suggests that nothing can ever be known for certain.

Humanitarisnism

we should treat all humans equally

belief in progress

the idea that the life of mankind is increasingly getting better over time

deism

God created us but then leaves us alone

political ideals of the Enlightenment

republicanism, democracy, constitutionalism