Iron Age village and Palatine Hill

Rome Started as an ..... on the .... in the 8th century BCE

753 BCE

The traditional date for the founding of Rome, marking the beginning of the Roman Kingdom and significant developments in early Roman culture.

lucius Tarquinius Superbus

The last king of Rome, known for his tyrannical reign and the events that led to the establishment of the Roman Republic.

509 BCE

dedication of the temple of jupiter Optimus Maxiums and begging of the roman republic

Republic Period

508-27 BCEthe era characterized by Roman expansion, political reforms, and the establishment of a more structured government.

Rome conquers …… including Greece when it destroyed Corinth in 146 BCE

Mediterranean

opus incertum

Early Roman concrete wall with irregular stones embedded in cement

Temple of Hercules

early roman temple (c100 BCE)

Temple of Portunus

example of a pseudo peripteral temple (columns attached to the wall) from the late Republican period.

Round temple of vesta tivoli

circular design influenced by greek temples

porticus aemilia

a large warehouse structure located in Rome, built in the 2nd century BCE, showcasing the use of concrete and arches in Roman architecture.

voussoirs

wedge-shaped stones used in an arch or vault to support the structure.

keystone

the central stone at the apex of an arch, which locks the other stones in place and maintains the arch's structure.

haunch

the part of an arch between the springing and the crown that supports the weight above. (side portion carring weight)

barrel vault

A curved structure formed by extending a single arch along a length, resembling a cylindrical shape used to enclose space in architecture. tunnel shaped ceiling

groin vault

intersection of two barrel vaults -creating a more complex vault that can support larger spans and provide architectural stability.

Etruscans

a culture that influence early rome

Mars of todi

bronze warrior statue showing contrapposto stance

chimera Arezzo

famous bronze mythological monster

Ficoroni Cista

a bronze mirror-shaped container used for holding small items, decorated with intricate designs. — a decorated bronze container with myth scenes

Estruscan art ….. influence roman scuplture and bronze casting

influences

grid layout

Roman built cities

cardo

main north south street

Decumanus

main east west street

insulae

cisty blockes or apartment buildings that housed multiple families in Roman cities, organized around a courtyard.

centuriation

roman land diviision

ostia

early roman colony

timgad

perfectly planned roman grid city founded in North Africa, showcasing Roman architectural principles and urban planning.

pompeii

destroyed in the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 CE

forum

political center

basilica

law court/ public hall

amphitheater

gladiator arenaand venue for public spectacles.

bath

include rooms like the caldarium (hot bath), tepidarium (warm bath), and frigidarium (cold bath). They were essential for socializing and hygiene in Roman culture.

house of vettii

A well-preserved Roman house located in Pompeii known for its elaborate frescoes and detailed architecture, showcasing the opulence of wealthy citizens in ancient Rome.

house of faun

An ancient Roman villa located in Pompeii, famous for its intricate mosaics and large peristyle garden, reflecting the wealth of its owner.

house of sallust

A Roman villa in Pompeii notable for its exquisite mosaics and layout, representing upper-class living in ancient times.

atrium

The central room of a Roman house, typically featuring an opening to the sky and often used for social gatherings and as a light well.

impluvium

A shallow basin in the atrium of a Roman house designed to collect rainwater that fell through the opening in the roof.

peristyle

A colonnaded garden or courtyard encircled by columns in a Roman house, often serving as a peaceful outdoor space for relaxation and socializing.

tablinum

The room in a Roman house that served as an office or reception area, often located between the atrium and peristyle.

tabernae

Shops or stalls typically located along the street level of Roman houses, often used for commercial purposes.

fake marble blocks

Artificial materials designed to resemble marble, often used in Roman architecture and interior decoration to reduce costs while achieving aesthetic appeal.

masonry style

A construction technique involving the use of brick or stone, often characterized by specific patterns and methods in the building process, commonly seen in Roman architecture.

illusionistic perspective

A technique in painting that creates the illusion of three-dimensional depth on a two-dimensional surface, often employed in Roman frescoes and architecture.

walls look like they open into landscapes or architecture

A method in painting that uses perspective to depict walls appearing to extend into natural landscapes or architectural vistas, enhancing the illusion of depth.

villa of the mysteries

An ancient Roman villa located near Pompeii, famous for its well-preserved frescoes that depict mysterious rituals and initiation rites related to Dionysus.

house of the griffins

A Roman villa located in Pompeii known for its elaborate frescoes featuring griffins and mythological scenes, exemplifying rich artistic expression. It illustrates the integration of domestic space with artistic storytelling.

verism

A style in Roman art characterized by hyper-realistic portrayal of subjects, often emphasizing age and imperfections to convey character and wisdom.

head of old man from osimo

A marble bust from the Roman era, exemplifying the verist style by emphasizing the age and features of the subject, capturing a sense of individuality and wisdom.

man holding busts of ancestors

A Roman sculpture representing an elite man displaying the busts of his ancestors, reflecting the cultural value placed on lineage and family heritage in ancient Rome.

aulus metellus (arringatore)

A life-sized bronze statue of a Roman politician known for his oratory skills, depicted in a pose of addressing an audience, exemplifying the rhetoric and civic duty in Roman society.

augustus

The first Roman emperor, ruling from 27 BC until AD 14, known for establishing the Pax Romana and significant reforms in government, military, and culture. —- after republic collapsed, he transformed the Roman state into an autocracy.

augustu of primaporta

A marble statue of Emperor Augustus, portraying him in an idealized manner, wearing military garb and symbolizing his role as a leader and defender of Rome. This statue reflects the political propaganda of his reign and emphasizes his connection to the gods.

ara pacis augustae

A monument in Rome dedicated to Pax, the goddess of peace, celebrating the peace established by Augustus. It features intricate relief sculptures depicting historical and religious imagery. The Ara Pacis Augustae, completed in 9 BC, serves as a significant cultural symbol of Augustus' reign, promoting the ideals of peace, prosperity, and the divine favor of the Roman state.

augustus and the early empire

art becomes more idealized and political propaganda

pont du gard

An ancient Roman aqueduct bridge located in southern France, built in the first century AD to transport water to the city of Nîmes. The Pont du Gard is a remarkable engineering achievement and a UNESCO World Heritage site, showcasing the sophistication of Roman architecture and construction.

maison carree

A well-preserved Roman temple located in Nîmes, France, built in the early first century AD. The Maison Carrée is an exemplary example of Roman architecture and served as a temple to the sons of Agrippa, reflecting the political and cultural ideals of the early Roman Empire.

theater of orange

A remarkably preserved Roman theater located in Orange, France, built in the first century AD. It is one of the best-preserved ancient theaters and is known for its impressive stage wall and acoustics, used for performances and ceremonies.

theatre of pompey

The first permanent theater in Rome, built in 55 BC. It served as a venue for drama and was part of a larger complex that included a portico and gardens, showcasing the cultural significance of theater in Roman society.