APHUG Units 1-7 Vocabulary Review

A comprehensive practice set covering vocabulary and concepts from Units 1 through 7 of the AP Human Geography curriculum based on lecture notes.

What type of map provides basic geographic information about an area, such as boundaries, landmarks, and physical features?

Reference Map

What map projection attempts to minimize distortion in size, shape, and direction, making it suitable for displaying the entire world?

Robinson Projection

What map projection preserves angles and shapes but distorts size, resulting in exaggerated land areas at high latitudes?

Mercator Projection

What is the term for the collection of data about the Earth's surface from a distance using satellites or aerial photography?

Remote Sensing

What is the concept that the likelihood of interaction between two places decreases as the distance between them increases?

Distance Decay

What theory suggests that human behavior and culture are largely shaped by environmental factors and conditions?

Environmental Determinism

What is the theory that humans are influenced by the environment but have the ability to adapt and make choices?

Possibilism

Which type of region is characterized by specific, uniform attributes or criteria?

Formal Region

What is the difference between Physiological Density and Arithmetic Density?

Arithmetic Density is total population divided by total land area, while Physiological Density is total population divided by arable land area.

What is the term for the maximum population size that an environment can sustainably support?

Carrying Capacity

What is the Sex Ratio typically expressed as?

The number of males per $100$ females.

What does the term Doubling Time refer to?

The number of years it takes for a population to double in size at a constant rate of natural increase.

What 18th-century theory suggests that population growth will outstrip food production, leading to famine?

Malthusian Theory

What is the difference between a Refugee and an Internally Displaced Person?

A refugee has been forced to flee their home country, while an internally displaced person remains within the borders of their own country.

What is the term for money sent by migrants working in another country back to their home country?

Remittance

What is the belief in the superiority of one's own cultural group over others?

Ethnocentrism

What is the term for the visible, physical expression of a culture on the natural landscape, including buildings and agriculture?

Cultural Landscape

What is the idea that multiple cultures have left their imprints on a place's cultural landscape over time?

Sequent Occupancy

What type of cultural diffusion occurs through the physical movement of people from one place to another?

Relocation Diffusion

What is a common language used for communication between speakers of different native languages, often for trade?

Lingua Franca

What is the blending or merging of different cultural practices to create something new and unique?

Syncretism

What is a sovereign state whose citizens predominantly belong to a single nation?

Nation-State

What is the term for a cultural group with a shared identity and desire for self-determination but lacking its own independent state?

Stateless Nation

What is a Choke Point?

A narrow geographic passage, such as a strait or canal, where maritime traffic is funneled and is strategically significant.

What is a Superimposed Boundary?

A political boundary forcibly placed on an area by outside powers, often disregarding existing cultural or ethnic divisions.

What is the manipulation of voting district boundaries to favor a particular political party or group?

Gerrymandering

What is the political system where power is concentrated in a strong central government with limited regional autonomy?

Unitary State

What is the term for the transfer of certain powers from a central government to regional or local authorities?

Devolution

What type of agriculture involves high levels of input, labor, and technology per unit of land to achieve high yields?

Intensive Farming

What is the agricultural practice of rotating fields to allow soil to recover after periods of cultivation?

Shifting Cultivation

What is the Columbian Exchange?

The exchange of plants, animals, and diseases between the Old World and the New World following Columbus's voyages.

What characterized the Green Revolution of the mid-20th century?

Rapid agricultural advancement through high-yielding crop varieties and increased use of technology and chemicals.

What theory explains how the price and demand for land vary with proximity to urban centers?

Bid-Rent Theory

What is the Von Thunen Model used to explain?

The spatial distribution of agricultural activities based on transportation costs and market access.

How does a Megacity differ from a Metacity?

A megacity has a population over $10$ million, while a metacity exceeds $20$ million people.

What is the Rank-Size Rule for cities?

A rule stating the second largest city is $1/2$ the size of the largest, the third is $1/3$ the size, and so on.

What is the term for a city that has more than double the population of the next largest city?

Primate City

What urban model describes cities as a series of concentric rings?

Concentric Zone Model

What is the discriminatory practice where banks refuse to provide loans to certain neighborhoods based on racial criteria?

Redlining

What is the process of urban renewal where higher-income individuals move into historically disadvantaged neighborhoods, often displacing lower-income residents?

Gentrification

What is the Secondary Sector of the economy?

The sector involved in manufacturing and processing activities, including production of goods and construction.

What is the Quinary Sector of the economy?

The highest level of the economy, encompassing decision-making and high-level management in government and business.

What does the Least Cost Theory explain?

The location of industries based on minimizing transportation, labor, and production costs.

What is the Human Development Index (HDI)?

A composite index that measures a country's overall development based on health, education, and income.

What is the difference between GDP and GNP?

GDP is the total value of goods produced within a country's borders, while GNP includes income earned by residents abroad and excludes foreign residents' income.

Which theory classifies countries into core, semi-periphery, and periphery categories?

World System Theory

What is Comparative Advantage?

A country's ability to produce goods or services at a lower opportunity cost compared to other countries.

What is the concentration of businesses and industries in a specific geographic area to benefit from proximity and shared resources?

Agglomeration

What is Just-In-Time Delivery?

A production strategy where goods are produced and delivered precisely when needed to minimize storage costs.