ART-101: Test 4 Key Works

The Reformation

• 1500-1600

• Divided between Catholic church and the established Protestant church

• 1517: Theses, Martin Luther

• Christian ‘humanism’

• Artistic ideas of Italy spread throughout Europe

The Garden of Earthly Delights

By: Bosch

(Reformation)

• 1505

• oil on wood

• for the palace of King Henry III of Nassau

Night Watch

By: Rembrandt

(Baroque)

• 1642

• oil on canvas

• Dutch civic-guard group portrait

David with the Head of Goliath

By: Caravaggio

(Baroque)

• ~1610

• dramatic

• David is pensive, somber, not joyous

• Goliath resembles Caravaggio himself

Susanna and the Elders

By: Gentileschi

(Baroque)

• 1610

• Common story in the painting

• pushed to the front, confrontational

• Depicts s3×4al 4ssault as a traumatic event — in female interpretation

Maids of Honor

By: Velazquez

(Baroque)

• 1656

• oil on canvas

• painted while working in Philip IV’s palace as his official artist

Rococo

• 18th century French movement

• Paris becoming center of the art world

• Extravagent style associated with French aristocracy

• Lighthearted style of painting — indication of wealth

• Secular and political themes

The Palace of Versailles

(Rococo)

• 1661-1710

• France

• Louis XIV moved the royal court here in 1682

• Symbol for absolute monarch

The Swing

By: Fragonard

(Rococo)

• 1766

• oil on canvas

• commissioned by a bishop to commemorate an affair

Age of Enlightenment

• 18th century European movement

• Opposition to Rococo

• celebrated learning & knowledge

• catalyst for major political and social changes

• sparks English Industrial Revolution

• Academic art

• led by philosophers Rosseau and Volitaire

Child in Womb

By: Hunter

(Enlightenment)

• 1768

• Engraving by artist Jan Rymsdyk

• Scientific illustration inspired by da Vinci

Experiment on a Bird

By: Wright of Derby

(Enlightenment)

• 1768

• Oil on canvas

• scientific scene painted in the manner reserved for religious scenes

Neoclassical

• late 18th century, primarily French

• ‘New classical’

• Revival of Greek and Roman values

• similar to Renaissance painting style

• Historical, academic subjects

Cornelia Presenting her Children as Treasures

By: Kauffman

(Neoclassical)

• 1785

• oil on canvas

• exemplum virtuis - model of virtue

Death of Marat

By: David

(Neoclassical)

• 1793

• oil on canvas

• French Revolution propaganda

Napoleon Crossing the Alps

By: David

(Neoclassical)

• 1801

• oil on canvas

• one of five versions of the same painting

Romanticism

• ~1750-1850

• roots in Rousseau’s beliefs about emotions

• Emphasis on imagination and expression over rational thought and reason

• visceral, emotional style of art

• sadistic, dark matter

Pauline Bonaparte as Venus

By: Canova

(Romanticism)

• 1808

• Napoleon’s sister depicted as Venus

Grande Odalisque

By: Ingres

(Romanticism)

• 1814

• oil on canvas

• exotic reclining nude

The Sleep of Reason Produces Monsters

By: Goya

(Romanticism)

• 1798

• Etching

• Creatures of his own subconscious descend on him as he sleeps

Raft of the Medusa

By: Gericault

(Romanticism)

• 1819

• oil on canvas

• dramatic scene in scale 16’x23’

The Slave Ship

By: Turner

(Romanticism)

• 1840

• oil on canvas

• use of color to convey emotions of the artist

Realism

• French movement starting 1850

• somber & direct

• painted what they saw around them - modern subjects

• objective reality - not much room for interpretation

Stone Breakers

By: Courbet

(Realism)

• 1849

• oil on canvas

• realistic representation of the plight of the poorest people

Rue Transnonain

By: Daumier

(Realism)

• 1834

• lithography

• social commentary on a massacre in a workman’s housing complex

The Horse Fair

By: Bonheur

(Realism)

• 1853-1855

• oil on canvas

• study of the anatomy and form of horses of the French countryside

Veteran in the Field

By: Homer

(Realism)

• 1865

• oil on canvas

• symbolizing the life & death of the Civil War

The Thankful Poor

By: Henry Ossawa Poor

(Realism)

• 1894

• oil on canvas

• African American lives as free citizens in an intimate scene

Boulevard Du Temple

By: Daguerre

(Photography)

• 1838-1839

• Daguerotype

• 1st photograph with a person

Cotton Mill Worker

By: Hine

(Photography)

• 1908

• Gelatin silver print taken while working under cover for the National Child Labor Committee

Impression, Sunrise

By: Monet

(Impressionism)

• 1872

• oil on canvas

• namesake for the entire movement

Villa at the Seaside

By: Morisot

(Impressionism)

• 1874

• oil on canvas

• domestic Parsian scene

Post-Impressionism

• late 19th century

• expressive

• abstraction of form

• pushed limits of impressionists

• bold, arbitrary use of color

Jane Avril

By: Toulousse-Loutrec

(Post Impressionism)

• 1893

• lithograph

• advertisement for the dancer’s cabaret show

• typography

Sunday Afternoon on La Grande Jatte

By: Seurat

(Post Impressionism)

• 1884-1886

• oil on canvas

• use of pointillism as a new color system

The Bathers

By: Cezanne
(Post Impressionism)

• 1906

• oil on canvas

• Largest in a series of several, unfinished

Fauvism

• 1904-1908

• ‘Wild beasts’

• intense and bold colors

• rebellious in nature

• expressive

The Joy of Life

By: Matisse

(Fauvism)

• 1905-1906

• oil on canvas

• made in response of criticism to his style

German Expressionism

• early 20th century

• abstracted and distorted

• bold, aggressive style

Improvisation 28

By: Kadinsky

(German Expressionism)

• 1912

• Oil on canvas

• move toward non-representational art

Cubism

• early 20th century

• radically avant garde

• focus on fragmentation of forms

• ordinary subjects

• analytical _______: muted colors, high abstraction, loss of integrity of form

• synthetic _______: collage often used, brighter color palette

Bottle, Newspaper, Pipe and Glass

By: Braque

(Cubism)

• 1913

• charcoal and paper on paper

• papier colle - stuck paper collage

Les Demoiselles d’Avignon

By: Picasso

(Cubism)

• 1907

• oil on canvas

• inspired by Cezanne’s Bathers

Dadaism

• 1916-1922

• began in Switzerland

• Response to WWI - anti-war movement

• “anti-art”

• ignored aesthetics

• offensive intent

• ready-mades

Fountain

By: Duchamp

(Dadaism)

• 1917

• glazed ceramic with black paint

• original was thrown out with the trash, was recreated in 1950

Cut with a Kitchen Knife

By: Hoch

(Dadaism)

• 1919-1920

• Collage

• Composed of images of German politics from newspapers

Surrealism

• began in 1920s from dadaism

• art and literature

• fascinated with Sigmund Freud’s theories about the subconscious mind

• bizarre, dreamlike scenes

• sex + violence

Soft Construction with Boiled Beans

By: Dali

(Surrealism)

• 1936

• oil on canvas

• strong themes of sex + violence

• Spanish civil war

The R4pe

By: Magritte

(Surrealism)

• 1934

• oil on canvas

• sexuality and violence

• transformation