Begrippenlijst Tijdvak 7 en 8 (HAVO 4 – 2026)

A comprehensive set of practice flashcards covering key historical, political, and social concepts from eras 7 and 8, translated from the provided Dutch lecture notes into English.

What is the definition of an 'Estate' (Stand)?

A group of people with a similar social function, such as priests (clergy), administrators and soldiers (nobility), and farmers & citizens (third estate).

What are natural rights (natuurlijke rechten)?

The rights that every human being has by nature, such as the right to life, property, and freedom.

What is a citizen (staatsburger)?

A full member of a state, with all associated rights and obligations.

What is a democratic revolution?

A revolution based on the idea of popular sovereignty with the main goals of recording fundamental rights in a constitution and allowing (a portion of) the citizens to choose the government through free elections.

What is a constitution (grondwet)?

The collection of fundamental laws of a state describing the functioning of the political system and the fundamental rights and duties of citizens and the government.

What is the concept of popular sovereignty (volkssoevereiniteit)?

The idea that the highest power in the state lies with the people.

What is the principle of the separation of powers?

The principle that there are three different powers in a state (legislative, executive, and judicial) and that these powers may never come together in one person or institution, also known as 'trias politica'.

What characterizes a representative democracy?

A form of government where all or a large part of the citizens have the right to elect representatives who (co-)decide on policy in a popular assembly.

What is public opinion (publieke opinie)?

An opinion shared by the majority of the people that is established through an open debate between citizens.

How are fundamental rights (grondrechten) defined?

Natural rights of man that are recorded in the constitution of a state, thereby becoming (civil) fundamental rights.

What is industrialization?

The mechanization of labor.

What is the Industrial Revolution?

A major change in society in which industry and traffic became increasingly mechanized.

What is an industrial society?

A society in which industry is the primary means of subsistence.

What technologies were applied during the Second Industrial Revolution starting at the end of the 19th century?

Steel, electricity, and the internal combustion engine.

What is an ideology?

A system of ideas about the way a society should be organized (the so-called '-isms').

What is modern capitalism?

An economic system in which private entrepreneurs produce goods and services using free labor with the goal of making as much profit as possible by selling them on the free market.

What does economic liberalism strive for?

An economic system where the state interferes as little as possible with the economy and gives the entrepreneur maximum freedom.

What is political liberalism?

A political movement that advocates for the freedom of the individual against the power of the state.

Who belongs to the working class (arbeidersklasse)?

A group of people who do not own means of production and can only earn money by selling their labor.

Who belongs to the middle class (middenklasse)?

A group of educated people who work, for example, as bookkeepers or engineers in factories, or as teachers, civil servants, or shopkeepers in cities.

What was the Restoration (Restauratie)?

The restoration of social and political relations from before the French Revolution.

What is conservatism?

A conservative political movement that opposed the social innovations of the French Revolution, liberalism, and socialism.

What is a constitutional monarchy?

A form of state headed by a monarch who exercises their function based on hereditary right, and in which that power is limited by a constitution (constitutie).

What is a parliamentary democracy?

A form of government where power lies with a representative body (parliament) elected by all or a large part of the citizens.

What does ministerial responsibility entail?

A constitutional agreement that ministers are only accountable to parliament for their own political actions and those of the king.

What is census suffrage (censuskiesrecht)?

A voting system where only people with sufficient wealth are allowed to vote.

What is the aim of communism?

A movement within socialism that wants to improve the fate of the working class through a revolution leading to a classless society and communal ownership of the means of production.

What is socialism?

A political movement that stands up for the working class, either through a revolution (communism) or by striving for the expansion of voting rights and reforms through parliamentary means (social democracy).

What is social democracy?

The movement within socialism that stands up for the working class through parliamentary means.

What was the 'social question' (sociale kwestie)?

The issue of the poor working and living conditions of workers.

What is a trade union (vakbond)?

An organization of workers who fight together for better working conditions and higher wages.

What is nationalism?

A strong preference for the culture of the people to which one considers oneself to belong and the pursuit of unity for that people within a national state.

What is confessionalism?

A political movement where faith (Roman Catholic or Protestant) is the starting point for political action.

What is the goal of feminism?

A political movement that aims to improve the disadvantaged position of women, primarily through the reform of voting rights.

What was the legal status of being 'legally incompetent' (handelingsonbekwaam) for married women?

A legal provision that married women could not independently perform a legal act, such as signing an agreement (buying a house, making a will).

What was the bourgeois family ideal (burgerlijk gezinsideaal) in the 19th century?

The generally accepted idea that the man should be the head of the family, so that women could focus on the household and the upbringing of the children.

What was the first feminist wave?

The feminist movement in the period 1840-1920, where feminists fought for voting rights for women.

What is universal suffrage (algemeen kiesrecht)?

The right to participate in elections for administrative positions.

What is democratization?

The expansion of voting rights to an increasingly larger group of citizens.

What is an emancipation movement?

A movement striving for the legal and social entitlement of disadvantaged groups such as slaves, women, workers, and religious minorities.

What is a means of communication (communicatiemiddel)?

A medium to convey information over a distance to (large groups of) people, such as radio, film, and telephone.

What is mass media?

A means of communication with which you can convey information to large groups of people.

What is propaganda?

Political advertising to convince people of and make them obey the ideas of a certain person or party.

What is a mass organization?

An organization of which a large group of people is a part.