Final Exam Study Guide PTR 7242 Advanced Exercise Physiology

This set of flashcards covers key vocabulary and concepts from Advanced Exercise Physiology to aid in exam preparation.

End Diastolic Volume (EDV)

The volume of blood in the ventricle at the end of diastole, reflecting how full the heart is.

End Systolic Volume (ESV)

The volume of blood remaining in the ventricle after contraction.

Stroke Volume (SV)

The amount of blood pumped by the heart with each beat, calculated as SV = EDV - ESV.

Ejection Fraction (EF)

The fraction of blood pumped out of the heart with each heartbeat, calculated as EF = SV/EDV.

Absolute Refractory Period

A phase during which no new action potential can be initiated.

Relative Refractory Period

A phase during which a stronger-than-normal stimulus is needed to elicit a new action potential.

Myocardium

The thick middle layer of cardiac muscle that generates force for contraction.

Epicardium

The outer layer of the heart, providing protection and lubrication.

Cardiomyocytes

Heart muscle cells that are striated, short, branched, and contain a single nucleus with high mitochondrial density.

Series Elastic Element

Connective tissue that stores and releases energy to improve efficiency and force transfer.

Bicarbonate System

A buffering system that helps prevent acidosis during high-intensity exercise.

Calcium-Induced Calcium-Release

A mechanism where Ca²⁺ entering the cell triggers the release of more Ca²⁺ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, crucial for cardiac contraction.

Ventricular Filling Phase

The phase of the cardiac cycle when the ventricles fill with blood.

Isovolumetric Contraction Phase

The phase of the cardiac cycle during which the ventricles contract with no change in volume.

Ventricular Ejection Phase

The phase during which blood is ejected from the ventricles into the arteries.

Isovolumetric Relaxation Phase

The phase of the cardiac cycle when the heart relaxes without changing volume.

P-Wave

The part of the ECG that represents atrial depolarization.

QRS Complex

The part of the ECG that indicates ventricular depolarization.

T-Wave

The part of the ECG representing ventricular repolarization.

Shear Stress

The force exerted by blood on the vessel walls.

Shear Rate

The speed gradient of blood flow against the vessel walls.

Viscous Drag

The resistance encountered by blood as it flows within the vessels.

Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS)

The part of the autonomic nervous system that increases heart rate and contractility during exercise.

Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS)

The part of the autonomic nervous system that decreases heart rate during rest.

Skeletal Muscle Pump

The mechanism by which muscle contractions compress veins to help return blood to the heart.

Respiratory Pump

The mechanism involving changes in abdominal and thoracic pressure that aids venous return during breathing.