Stupid Freaking Biology Test

Prokaryotes

single-celled organisms that make up domains Bacteria and Archaea

Bacterial cell walls contain…

peptidoglycan

What enables Prokaryotes to move

flagella

flagella of bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes are what kind of structure

Analogous structures

What are some features of Prokaryotes

specialized membranes, circular chromosomes, nucleoid, plasmids

Prokaryotes reproduce through

binary fission

What are three factors that give rise to high levels of genetic diversity in prokaryotes

1. rapid reproduction

2. mutations

3. genetic recombination

transformation

genotype/phenotype of a prokaryote cell are altered by the uptake of foreign DNA from its surroundings

transduction

bacteriophages carry prokaryotic genes from one host cell to another

conjugation

DNA is transferred between two prokaryotic cells that are temporarily joined - One way transfer

Phototrophs

obtain energy from light

Chemotrophs

obtain energy from chemicals

Autotrophs

organisms that only need CO2 as a carbon source

Heterotrophs

require at least one organic nutrient, such as glucose to make other organic compounds

Protists

along with plants, animals, and fungi- are eukaryotes

Features of Eukaryotes

1. nucleus

2. membrane-bound organelles

3. cytoskeleton

protists tend to be

unicellular

Protists gain nutrition as

photoautotrophs, heterotrophs, mixotrophs

Protists reproduce

asexually and sexually

What are the 4 supergroups of Eukaryotes

SAR, Unikonta, Archaeplastida, Excavata

features of Excavata

some have excavated feeding groove, modified mitochondria

What subgroups does Excavata include

diplomonads, parabasalids, euglenozoans

features of SAR

diverse group, group defined by DNA similarities

What subgroups does SAR include

stramenopiles, alveolates, and rhizarians

What are the closest relative of plants

red and green algae

Unikonta

extremely diverse supergroup of eukaryotes that include animals, fungi, and some protists

What subgroups does Unikonta include

amoebozoans and opisthokonts

Derived traits of plants

1. Alternation of Generations

2. Walled spores produced in sporangia

3. Apical meristem

What do plants share a common ancestor with

Green algae

What are examples of Bryophytes (nonvasular plants)

mosses, liverworts, hornworts

Bryophytes

no vascular tissue to transport nutrients, water, and food

Xylem

transports water and minerals, no end walls between cells, one way, outer cell not living

Pholem

transports organic molecules, has end walls, 2 way movement, cells need support

Seedless Vascular plants (Lycophytes, monilphytes)

reproduce with haploid, unicellular spores

What are examples of seedless vascular plants

ferns and horsetails

Gymnosperms

evolved cones to carry reproductive structures

What are some gymnosperms

Coniferophyta, Cycadophyta, Gingokophyta, Gnetophyta

heterosporous

producing both male and female gametophytes

megaspore

larger spore of a heterosporous plant, typically producing a female gametophyte

microspore

a small spore which develops into male gametophytes

ovule

the structure in a plant that develops into a seed after fertilization; the megasporangium of a seed plant with its enclosing integuments

sporophyll

the equivalent to a leaf in ferns and mosses that bears the sporangia

Angiosperms

flowering plants, monophyletic

Monophyletic

made up of all ancestral taxa and all of its descendants

paraphyletic

consists of all ancestral species and some, but not all, of the descendants

polyphyletic

includes related species but not their most recent common ancestor

Monocot characteristics

1. cotyledon

2. parallel veins

3. vascular tissues scattered

4. fibrous root system (no main root)

5. pollen grain with one opening

6. floral organs in multiples of 3

Eudicot characteristics

1. two cotyledons

2. netlike veins

3. vascular tissue arranged in a ring

4. taproot system (main root present)

5. pollen grain with 3 openings

6. floral organs in multiples of 4 or 5

Necessary Adaptations for aquatic plants to move to land

1. reduce water loss

2. source of water for adult plant

3. water for the embryo

4. mechanism for dispersion of gametes

Trends in plant evolution

1. Increase in the sporophyte portion of the life cycle

2. Decrease in dependence on water- vascular tissue, for reproduction

3. Increase in height and size

Mosses and other nonvascular plants are

gametophyte dominant and sporophyte reduced

Ferns and other seedless vascular plants and seed plants are

gametophyte reduced and sporophyte dominant

gamete

a mature haploid male or female germ cell which is able to unite with another of the opposite sex in sexual reproduction to form a zygote

Zygote

a diploid cell resulting from the fusion of two haploid gametes; a fertilized ovum

Sporophyte

the asexual and usually diploid phase, producing spores from which the gametophyte arises, diploid and multicellular

Gametrophyte

multicellular haploid plant structure, which is formed from the spore and gives rise to the haploid gametes

Spores

a haploid reproductive cell which gives rise to a gametophyte (Haploid)

Alteration of generations

life cycle of plants with a diploid multicellular sporophyte that alternates with a haploid multicellular gametophyte

Gametophyte

haploid, produced haploid gametes via mitosis

Sporophyte

diploid, produces halpoid spores through meiosis

Nonvascular plant life cylce

1. Gametophyte is dominant form

2. Sporophyte appears for a short period

3. Sporophyte is dependent on the gametophyte and remains permanently attached to it in order to gain nutrition and protection

Antheridium

a haploid structure or organ producing and containing male gametes (sperms)

Archegonium

multicellular structure where female gametes (eggs) are produced

Sporangia

where spores are produced

Angiosperm life cycle

1. Diploid microsporangium makes haploid microspores which develop into pollen grains (each contains male gametophyte)

2. Generative cell of gametophyte divides making two sperm

3. Tube cell forms pollen tube

4. Diploid megasporangium makes four haploid megaspores. One becomes a female gametophyte.

5. Female gametophyte contains the haploid egg

6. Female gametophyte also contains a central cell with two nuclei

Why 2 sperm?

One sperm fertilizes the egg and the other fertilizes the central egg, making it triploid

Double fertilization

produces endosperm (food source for developing embryo)

Why tube cell exists?

reduces interspecies fertilization

Mutualism

both benefit, plant gets pollinated, pollinator gets nectar

Fruit is

a mature ovary which matures after fertilization of ovules

Seeds disperse by means of

• wings

• seeds within berries

• barbs

Fungi characteristics

Eukaryotic, multi-cellular, heterotrophic, absorptive, digest externally

fungal nutrition

secrete exoenzymes into their surroundings that break down complex molecules, then absorb smaller molecules

Fungal structure

most of the structure of a fungus is composed of hyphae

hyphae

thin tubular threads (haploid), hyphae formed together forms a mat called a mycelium

Cryptomycetes

unicellular and flagellated spores, many are parasitic

Microsporidians

unicellular, spores not flagellated, harpoon like organelle, parasitic

Chytrids

flagellated zoospores and multicellular forms, parasitic, mutualists, decomposers

zoopagomycetes

zygosporangium in those that reproduce sexually, nonflagellated spores in asexual, parasitic or commensal

mucoromycetes

multicellular, zygosporangium, pathogens, decomposers, mutualists (many mycorrhizae)

Ascomycetes

ascocarps, asci, conidia, unicellular and multicellular (some mycorrhizae, lichens)

Basidiomycetes

basidiocarps, basidia, unicellular and multicellular, pathogens (rusts and smuts), decomposers (best at decomposing lignin), mutualists (some mycorrhizae)

Plasmogamy

cell fusion,

Karyogamy

nuclear fission

Fungal Reproduction

sexual reproduction begins with the fusion of hyphae from two different mycelia, plasmogamy, followed by heterokaryotic stage- cell has haploid nuclei from two parents, karyogamy

mycelium

an interwoven mass of fungal hypahe that infiltrates the material on which the fungus feeds

mycorrhizae

mutually beneficial relationships between fungi and plant roots

Opisthokonts

Nucleariids, Fungi, Choanoflagellates, Animals—> Unikonta

Endophytes

fungi (or bacteria) that live inside leaves or other plant parts without causing harm

lichen

a symbiotic relationship between a photosynthetic microorganism and a fungus in which millions of photosynthetic cells are held in a mass of fungal hyphae

Animals are

eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic-ingestive

What protist is most closely related to animals?

Choanoflagellates

Animals under Metazoa

M: no true tissues, asymmetry, no digestive system

Animals under Eumetazoa

Diploblastic, 2 tissue layers, radial symmetry, incomplete digestive systems

Triploblastic

3 tissue layers, bilateral symmetry, complete digestive systems

Evolutionary trends within Animals

tissues, digestive system, symmetry, protostome vs. deuterostome development

Diploblast

Ectoderm-Non-living layer-Endoderm

Triploblast

Ectoderm-Mesoderm-Endoderm

Incomplete digestion

only one opening, gastro-vascular cavity

Complete digestion

two openings, mouth and anus