ch - fluids, electrolytes, acid base balance - mc questions

Which statement best describes body fluid distribution?

About 65% of body fluid is intracellular and 35% is extracellular

Which correctly describes extracellular fluid compartments?

Includes interstitial fluid, plasma, lymph, and transcellular fluid

Water movement between compartments is primarily driven by:

Differences in solute concentration

Which electrolyte predominates in extracellular fluid?

Sodium

Which electrolyte is most abundant inside cells?

Potassium

Normal daily fluid balance occurs when intake and output are approximately:

2,500 mL/day

Most water intake comes from:

Food and drink (preformed water)

Which structure detects increased osmolarity and triggers thirst?

Hypothalamic osmoreceptors

Antidiuretic hormone primarily:

Promotes water reabsorption in kidneys

Which is considered sensible water loss?

Urine output

Which is an example of insensible water loss?

Water lost in expired air

Volume depletion occurs when:

Water and sodium are lost proportionally

Dehydration is characterized by:

Greater water loss than sodium loss

Fluid excess is less common because:

Kidneys efficiently excrete excess water

Edema is defined as:

Excess fluid accumulation in interstitial spaces

Electrolytes are important because they:

Affect osmolarity and membrane potentials

Sodium is important because it:

Determines extracellular osmolarity

Aldosterone primarily:

Increases sodium reabsorption

High sodium levels stimulate ADH to:

Increase water reabsorption

Hypernatremia results in:

Water retention and hypertension

Potassium is essential for:

Resting membrane potential

Rapid increase in potassium causes:

Increased excitability and possible cardiac arrest

Low potassium leads to:

Muscle weakness and arrhythmias

Calcium is required for:

Muscle contraction and blood clotting

Low calcium causes:

Increased excitability and tetany

Normal blood pH range is:

7.35–7.45

A buffer:

Resists changes in pH

The primary chemical buffer system is:

Bicarbonate buffer system

Increased CO₂ causes:

Increased H⁺ and decreased pH

Acidosis results in:

pH below 7.35

Alkalosis results in:

pH above 7.45

Respiratory Acidosis occurs when:

CO₂ accumulates due to poor ventilation

Respiratory Alkalosis occurs when:

CO₂ is eliminated too quickly

Metabolic Acidosis can result from:

Lactic acid buildup or diarrhea

Kidneys renal compensate by:

Adjusting H⁺ secretion

Metabolism is:

All chemical reactions in the body

ATP is:

The primary energy molecule

Catabolism involves:

Breaking down molecules to release energy

Anabolism involves:

Building complex molecules using ATP

Most ATP is produced by:

Oxidative phosphorylation

The Electron Transport Chain (ETC):

Uses oxygen as final electron acceptor

The process of Substrate-Level Phosphorylation:

Directly transfers phosphate to ADP

Nutrients are:

Substances used for growth and repair

The cells primary energy source:

Glucose

Glycolysis occurs in the:

Cytosol

Krebs Cycle Location occurs in the:

Mitochondrial matrix

Total ATP per glucose is about:

30 ATP

Glycogenesis is the process of:

Converting glucose to glycogen

Glycogenolysis is the process of:

Breaking glycogen into glucose

Gluconeogenesis is:

Production of glucose from non-carbohydrates

Lipids serve as:

Energy storage and insulation

Essential Fatty Acids must be:

Obtained from diet

Protein synthesis requires:

All essential amino acids present simultaneously

Positive nitrogen balance occurs when:

Protein synthesis exceeds breakdown

Absorptive State occurs when:

Nutrients are being absorbed and stored

Postabsorptive State occurs when:

Body uses stored nutrients

During starvation:

Fat becomes primary energy source

In redox reactions, oxidation is:

Loss of electrons

Basal metabolic rate (BMR) is:

Energy used at rest in postabsorptive state

Thermoregulation is controlled primarily by the:

Hypothalamus