(Ch. 12.2) Anatomy Exam #3 (SECOND HALF)

What is the Limbic system

the functional brain system involved in emotional response and memory formation.

What are the 2 limbic processes that control emotion

1. amygdaloid body: an almond-shaped nucleus; critical for responding to percieved threats with fear

2. cingulate gyrus: a cerebral component of limbic system, that plays a role in expressing emotions through gestures and in resolving mental conflicts.

What is the Fornix

a fiber tract that connects regions of the limbic system together

What is the Hippocampus

The limbic system structure that plays a role in converting new information into long-term memories

What is the Reticular formation (what are its 3 functions)

the functional system that spans the brainstem

→ regulates sensory input to the cerebral cortex, cortical arousal, and control of motor behavior

What is the Reticular activating system (RAS)

The brain stem neural network that receives a wider variety of sensory input and maintains wakefulness of the cerebral cortex

• filters flood of sensory input

What is Wernickes area

area of the brain in charge of understanding language

What is Brocas area

area of the brain in charge of speaking

What is another name for short-term memory

working memory

What is memory consolidation (where does this happen)

the process that converts short term memory into long-term memory

(happens in the hippocampus)

What are Meninges (how many types are there)

Protective coverings of the CNS (3 connective tissue membranes)

What are the 3 connective tissue membranes of the Meninges

1. Dura Mater

2. Arachnoid Mater

3. Pia Mater

What is the Dura Mater

the outermost and toughest membrane covering the brain and spinal cord

What are the 2 layers of the Dura mater (how are they situated)

1. periosteal layer (inner surface of the skull)

2. Meningeal layer (forms true external covering of only the skull

What are Dural Venous Sinuses

Spaces between the periosteal and meningeal dura that collect venous blood from the brain and direct it into the internal jugular veins of the neck.

What are Dura Septa

folds of the dura mater that subdivide the cranial cavity

What is the Arachnoid mater

the weblike middle layer of the 3 meninges that surround the brain and spinal cord

What is the Subdural space

A narrow serous cavity between the dura mater and the arachnoid mater

What does the Subarachnoid space contain

cerebral spinal fluid (CSF)

What is the Blood brain Barrier

A barrier that only allows fats, fatty acids, O₂, CO₂, and lipid-soluble molecules into the brain

(non-polar molecules)

What is Ischemia

a local decrease in blood supply

What is the Epidural space

area between bony vertebrae and the dura mater of the spinal cord

What is the Conus Medullaris

the Tapering, cone-shaped inferior end of the spinal cord

(termination point of the spinal cord)

What is the Filum Terminale (what does it do)

An extension of the pia mater that runs form the conus medullaris to the coccyx

(helps anchor spinal cord)

What is the Cauda Equina

the collection of nerve roots at the inferior end of the vertebral canal (horse’s tail)

What are the 2 fissures of the spinal cord

1. The ventral median fissure (anterior)

2. The Dorsal Median Fissure (posterior)

What are the 4 brain wave types and their matched body states?

1. Alpha: awake but relaxed

2. Beta: awake and alert

3. Theta: light sleep (children)

4. Delta: deep sleep

What are the 5 stages of sleep

1. awake

2. REM

3. N1

4. N2

5. N3

Which sleep stages are REM

REM

Which Sleep stages are Non-REM

N1 (light sleep) → N3 (deep sleep)

what are the 2 states of consciousness between fully awake and unconscious

drowsy + stupor

What 2 structures produce CSF

1. the Choriodplexus

2. Ependymal cells

What is a hematoma (why is it unsafe in the brain)

collection of blood (adds pressure to the brain)

What is a hemorrage

an active bleed

What is the Circle of Willis

a cycle of blood flow that allows overlap if one portion of blood supply is insufficient

What are the 2 types of strokes

1. Ischemic: clogged pipe

2. Hemorrhagic: ruptured blood vessel

Which vertebrae indicated the end of the spinal cord

L1 and L2

How many pairs of Spinal nerves are there

31 pairs

What is the indication of lumbar enlargement

the innervation is fed to the legs

What is the indication of Cervical enlargement

the innervation and blood supply feeds to the arms

What types of Axons are in Ventral Roots

motor axons

What type of Axons are in Dorsal Roots

Sensory Axons