CIE IGCSE Economic Development 5 markers

Explain the benefits and disadvantages of economic indicators such as GDP and GNI

easy to calculate, easy to compare

however, hides differences between rich and poor in country

doesnt show QoL/SoL

doesnt include the informal economy

national debt not factored, unsustainable wealth

govt may lie abt stats to recieve more aid

Explain the benefits and disadvantages of social indicators such as the literacy rate/life expectancy

Literacy rate indicates a skilled workforce, ability to get high paying jobs, a good education system

Life expectancy shows good healthcare and sanitation, food + water

However, each doesnt show the other 2, hides inequality within countries, govt may lie abt stats, could be affected by a major event e.g. war

why is the composite HDI indicator good

Combines all indicators on a scale from 0-1

more accurate and shows overall development, easy to compare, prevents one indicator skewing develompment

still averages, doesnt show inequality within countries

why is there inequalities between countries

landlocked can mean lack of trades, lack of natural resources means less exports, natural disasters and extreme climates, relief of land influences building

colonialisation can lead to all resources taken and lack of infrastructure, power and leadership struggles, lack of investment so hard to start positive multiplier effect

inequalities within countries

usually between rural and urban, rich and poor, literate vs illterate

unequal access to education, unequal job opportunities, lack of investment, gender inequalities

how does the positive multiplier effect work

investment

jobs

more money for locals

improved services

more shops

more jobs and improvement

people move

spirals up

how does proportions of workers in sectors change

as a country gets more developed, farming changes to industrial, post industry, tertiary becomes dominant, and quarternery emerges

why do the proportions in sectors change

In LICs cheaper labour, less rules and regulations, govt grants,

IN HICs leisure and tourism industries grow due to development, R+D, globalisation, mechanisation

process of globalisation - increased connection between countries

increased trade and agreements, desire for cheaper labour, containerisation and better transport, electronic transfer of money, communication improvements, rise of TNCs

Negative impacts of globalisation

reliance on TNCs, poor working conditions, damage to environment, HIC’s lose manufacturing jobs, cultural homogenisation, climate change, LICs lacking investment left behind

Positives of globalisation

reduces unemployment, brings investment to area, GDP increase, HICs gain high skilled jobs, wealth spread around world, cultural understanding, sharing of information, better relationships between countries

what are the types of farming

arable = growing crops

pastoral = rearing animals

subsistence = just enough to feed themselves and family

commercial = to sell for profit

extensive = low amounts of capital, material, labour with large area

intensive = high inputs of capital, labour, fertilisers as high a yield possible from small area

physical factors affecting farming

temp, e.g. cereal crops need 6 degrees

rainfall, tropical fruits

sunshine, cereals

steep, pastoral

flat, arable - easier for machinery and good soil

soil can be deep thin sandy clay humus

arable needs deep fertile, well drained, poorer quality is fine for pastoral

nutrients and acidity affects plant growth

close to market so perishables do not spoil, employ labour

Change through greenhouses, terracing(relief), fertilizers, transport

inputs and feedback

relief, temp, precipitation, soil, transport, labour, seeds, machinery, fertilisers

feedback is when an output is used as an input - e.g manure and crop waste

causes of food shortages

natural disasters

poor infrastructure

war

extreme weather

pests

rising prices

rapid increase of population

effects of food shortages

starvation, child malnutrition so cannot grow and work, reliance on aid, sickness, not self sustaining, people leave

solutions to food shortages

aid, sustainable farming, GM crops, improved transport and storage, diguettes, irrigation systems e.g. treadle pumps