Chapter 4 Bacteria & Archaea

The macromolecule containing alternating N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM) chains cross-linked by short peptide fragments is ______.

peptidoglycan

All bacterial cells have ______.

a chromosome

A cell wall made of peptidoglycans and small amounts of teichoic acid and lipoteichoic acid is found in ______ bacteria.

gram-positive

The following structures are virulent factors of pathogenic bacteria

capsule

slime layer

fimbriae

gram-negative outer membrane

Plasmids _______.

often carry genes that code for specific toxins,

often carry genes that confer resistance to different antibiotics

Endospores are _______.

All of the choices are correct.

This enzyme _____, found in your tears and saliva, hydrolysis glycosidic chemical bonds in peptidoglycans thus acting as a natural antibacterial agent.

lysozyme

Another name for a periplasmic flagellum is:

internal flagellum, axial filament

The term that refers to the presence of flagella all over the cell surface is ______.

peritrichous

Bacterial cells could have any of the following appendages

flagella

pili

axial filaments

fimbriae

The chromosome in bacteria and archaea _______.

is part of the nucleoid

The cell membrane, the cell wall, and the outer membrane comprise the ______.

cell envelope

The bacterial flagellum has three components. In order from the cytoplasm to the external environment, they are ______.

motor,

hook,

filament

Gram-negative bacteria _______.

have a more complex cell envelope with a greater variation in chemical composition

The motor of a bacterial flagellum is anchored into the ______.

inner membrane

Peptidoglycan is a unique macromolecule found in bacterial ______.

cell walls

Lipopolysaccharide is an important cell envelope component of ______.

gram-negative bacteria

The outcome of the Gram stain is based on differences in the ______.

cell wall

The short, numerous appendages used by some bacterial cells for adhering to surfaces are called ______.

fimbriae

Which of the following pertains to endotoxin?

It is located in a bacterial cell envelope

It can elicit an inflammatory response in a host

It is a lipopolysaccharide

A bacterial cell exhibiting chemotaxis must have ______.

flagella

You apply the acid-fast stain method to a patient's specimen, an aspirate from the lungs. Microscopic examination reveals many bright pink-red bacillus-shaped bacteria in the smear. Which statement is true?

The patient has tuberculosis.

Two structures that allow bacteria to adhere to surfaces are ______ and ______.

fimbriae; capsules

The cell envelope of gram-positive bacteria has two layers: a thick cell wall and the cell membrane.

true

That was Streptococcus pneumonia which causes "walking" pneumonia is a unique bacteria because it doesn't have a:

cell wall

Bacteria do not have mitochondria, so he site for ATP synthesis in bacterial cells is the ______.

inner cell membrane

Which term is not used to describe bacterial cell shape?

Tetrad

An irregular cluster of spherical bacterial cells is termed ______.

staphylococcus

Carbol fuchsin is the primary dye in the acid-fast stain.

true

Flagella are primarily seen in ________ bacteria.

spiral, bacilli

Which is the correct order for the application of reagents in the Gram stain?

Crystal violet, iodine, alcohol, safranin

A bacterial structure that prevents the cells from rupturing in a freshwater environment is the ______.

cell wall

Which of the following bacterial structures is incorrectly matched with a function?

Plasmids - contain genes essential for growth and metabolism

Two functions of bacterial appendages are ______ and ______.

attachment; motility

Walking pneumonia accounts for approximately ________ of community-acquired cases of pneumonia.

20%

Lysozyme is most effective against ______.

gram-positive organisms

Which external structure protects bacteria from phagocytosis?

Capsule

A bacterial genus with waxy mycolic acid in the cell envelopes is ______.

Mycobacterium

A chain of rod-shaped cells would be called a ______.

streptobacillus

The function of bacterial endospores is _______.

protection of genetic material during harsh conditions

The transfer of genes during bacterial conjugation involves rigid, tubular appendages called ______.

sex pili

During the Gram stain, the application of alcohol results in the decolorization of ______ bacterial cells.

gram-negative

The term that refers to flagella at both poles of the cell is ______.

amphitrichous

Spirochetes are able to move due to ______.

a periplasmic flagellum

The term that refers to the presence of a tuft of flagella emerging from a single site is ______.

lophotrichous

Describe the progression from a normal healthy tooth to the late stage of the degradation of the bone and following the tooth out:

plaques - calculi - gingivitis - periodontitis

Bacterial endospores are produced by ______.

Clostridium, Bacillus

Chemotaxis refers to the ability of a cell to _______.

move in response to a chemical