public speaking final exam

linear model of communication

theory that communication flows in one direction only. communication is something that one person does to another.

source

the person responsible for inventing the idea on which he or she tends to speak and crafting the message that conveys that idea to an audience

encoding

taking an abstract notion and giving it meaning through the application of symbols

when a speaker is converting an idea into words, they are ___ it.

encoding

message

the content or idea that the source initially wanted to provide to the audience

channel

the medium through which an encoded message is transmitted from a source to a receiver

what would be the primary channel for students taking an online course?

online video platform

receiver

the person or audience that a message is being transmitted to

decoding

taking the symbols used to encode the message and draws meaning from them

receivers need to understand what used by the speaker when sending the message?

symbol system / language

noise

anything that can change the message after the source encodes and sends it

examples of physical noise

visual barriers, poor volume/projection, distractions, hunger, tiredness, other sounds

examples of psychological noise

preoccupation with other thoughts, emotional reaction to the topic, prejudice toward the speaker, unwillingness to listen, resistance to the message

interactive model of communication

communication theory that views communication as a two way process that includes feedback and the environment

which model of communication represents messages flowing back and forth from the receiver?

linear model of communication

which model of communication views the communication process as complete when the receiver decodes the senders message?

interactive model of communication

feedback

occurs after the receiver decodes the sender’s message and is the receiver’s response to the message

environment

the context in which the communication process takes place

is noise a part of the environment?

yes

environmental elements both senders and receivers should consider when encoding and decoding messages

beliefs, context, history, participants, relationships, physical setting, values

what is a major missing component in the interactive model?

the fact that encoders and decoders send and receive messages at the same time and both use the same channel.

transactional model of communication

the theory that views communication as a constant process in which all parties simultaneously play the roles of sender and receiver

what communication model most accurately reflects public speaking as a process?

transactional model of communication

similarities of conversation and speech

audience centered, attention to feedback, goal driven, logic required, stories for effect

differences of conversation and speech

language choices, use of notes, no interruptions, delivery style, physical arrangement

audience centered

paying attention to the audience when making choices regarding a speech. only discuss certain topics with particular people/groups.

why is it important to pay attention to the feedback you receive?

so you know how to respond

examples of goal driven activities

conveying information, changing the audiences mind

why would you need to organize your thoughts logically?

so the receiver can understand what you are saying

what kind of language is used in conversations?

relaxed & colloquial

what kind of language is used during public speaking?

formal language

toastmaster

online public speaking course

ways to improving speaking skills

taking a public speaking course, watching and listening to good speakers, preparation, experience

is there a difference in speaking well and delivering a good, effective speech?

yes

true or false? speech is easy because we do it all the time.

false

true or false? there is no “right way” to deliver a speech.

false

reasons why public speaking isn’t an easy A class

the principles of delivery, organization, audience analysis, cultural understanding, preparation time

communication apprehension

the fear or anxiety associated with real or anticipated communication with another or others

phobia

a persistent, irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation that leads to a compelling desire to avoid

how are phobias more than just discomfort or anxiety?

they are intense activations of the instinct to avoid a threat

how is communication apprehension not specific to public speaking.

it can resemble a variety of different speaking contexts and fear is an absolute term whereas apprehension is understood on a linear scale.

self-fufilling prophecy

convincing yourself that something is going to happen before it does, leading to the occurrence of what you originally expected

procrastinating because you don’t believe you will succeed is an example of what?

self-fulfilling prophecy

can self fulfilling prophecy be negative or positive?

both

PRCA-24

scale that helps individuals measure their level of communication apprehension

physical dimensions of anxiety

what we naturally focus on when we feel fear or trepidation toward some external stimulus

physical effects of communication apprehension

rise in blood pressure, shortness of breath, galvanic skin tightening, sweating

what is one of the most common physical reactions to anxiety?

galvanic skin tightening

relaxation techniques

stretch, yoga, deep breathing,

what type food should you eat before giving a speech?

complex carbohydrates, protein, fats

4-7-8 breathing

exercise that uses belly breathing to help you relax

visualization

concentrate on visualizing what you have control over. visualize success and minimize distractions.

whens the best time to visualize success?

after a practice session

systematic desensitization

the process whereby a person is slowly introduced to a fear such that each time he or she overcomes the fear the intensity is decreased

ethics

involve morals and the specific moral choices to be made by a person

what duty do we as speakers make to ourself for balancing ethnical responsibilities when choosing a topic?

to do the best we possibly can

what duty do we make to our families for balancing ethnical responsibilities when choosing a topic?

to provide for them by keeping out jobs

what duty do we make to the audience for balancing ethnical responsibilities when choosing a topic?

to seek the common good

what duty do we make to our employers for balancing ethical responsibilities when choosing a topic?

to achieve result

plagiarism

taking the intellectual achievements of another person and presenting them as one’s own

global plagiarism

taking an entire piece of work and saying that its your own

incremental plagiarism

using part of someone else’s work and not citing it as a source

patchwork plagiarism

taking ideas from more than one piece of work and putting them together into a new piece of work and then presenting them as original work without giving due credit to the sources

patchworking

taking original source material and changing a few words in it but not enough to consider it a paraphrase, all the while not citing the original source material

verbal citations should include what four pieces of information?

the name of the publication, the date the source was published, the author of the work/the name of the person who is providing the information used in the source, the credentials of the source

why shouldn’t you cite your source after sharing the information?

it can hurt the flow of your speech, its awkward

rules for civility

pay attention, speak kindly, asset yourself, mind your body, respect other people’s time, acknowledge others, don’t shift your responsibility and blame

ethical guidelines as a speaker

maintain composure, describe people with respect, use gender inclusive language, use language to collaborate, avoid profanity, balance simplicity and complexity, balance emotion and logic

why shouldn’t you use images, animals, or objects to refer to people in a negative way?

you are dehumanizing the people (making them appear to be less than human)

when using profanity to try and make your audience laugh, your essentially saying what two things?

you don’t know how to tell a joke without swearing and you think the audience can’t understand humor if it doesn’t involve profanity

what does balancing simplicity and complexity mean?

you try not to oversimplify or overcomplicate things for the audience

to ensure you understand what your audience knows about a subject you should conduct what?

audience analysis

ethical guidelines as an audience member

keep an open mind, do not heckle, pay attention

culture

the distinctive ideas, customs, social behavior, products, or way of life of a particular nation, society, people, or period

co-cultures

groups that are impacted by a variety of smaller specific cultures that intersect in our lives

high power distance

high levels of inequality in power distribution in organizations, families, and other institutions

low power distance

less inequality, equal share in decisions

is a democratic country an example of high or low power distance?

low

is a monarchy an example of high or low power distance?

high

high uncertainty avoidance

low tolerance for ambiguity and minimize the possibility of uncomfortable, unstructured situations by enforcing strict rules, safety measures and a belief in absolute truth

low uncertainty avoidance

fewer rules, take risks, and are tolerant of change

individualistic society

loose ties between individuals and expect each person to look out for him/herself and their immediate family

collectivist culture

strong ties between individualism, strong communal bonds, and often live in extended families that are deeply loyal to the group

characteristics of masculine cultures

men are assertive and competitive. women are somewhat assertive and competitive.

characteristics of feminine cultures

men and women are both much more modest and caring

long term orientation

focus on future rewards with emphasis on saving, persistence, and adaptation

short term orientation

focus on the present and past and emphasize national pride, tradition, social obligations

indulgent cultures

freely allow gratification of desires that allow individuals to enjoy life and have fun

restrained cultures

strict social norms and discourage acting simply out of want

Did Hofstede believe that the dimensions could be “either-or” or did he believe they fall somewhere in between each on a line

somewhere between each

low context cultures

language used in an interaction, in which very little emphasis is placed on the nonverbal communication, environment and situation

high context cultures

language in which a great deal of meaning is derived from the nonverbal expressions, environments, and situation in which the communication is taking place and less emphasis is placed on the words

race

a set of physical characteristics shared by a group of people, such as skin color, body type, facial structure, and hair color

ethnicity

a group of people who identity with each other based on a common experience, which might include geographic or national origin, history, ancestry, cultural/social norms, religion, race, language, ideology, food, or dress.

sex

refers to ones biological classification as male, female, or intersex based on ones reproductive organs and chromosomes

gender

a social construction that includes the all of the beliefs, attitudes, actions and roles associated with being masculine or feminine

sexual orientation

the sex and gender to whom a person is romantically and sexually attracted to

ideology

set of ideas, beliefs, and ideals that form our worldview and provide a basis for action

how can you make your message accessible?

add captions, avoid combining red and green (colorblindness), include signposts and transitions, use handout/microphones

why shouldn’t you highlight differences in others?

it specifically heightens the differences they may not want others to know